Calophyllum inophyllum oil is non-edible in nature could be used as a source for biodiesel esterification in India and it is also available in abundant quantities in places such as Southern east and East Asia and Australia. The present research work examines the suitability of Calophyllum inophyllum as promising feedstock for biodiesel production and its employability in diesel engine operation. The Calophyllum trees are found in abundance in India and can reduce the dependency of petroleum imports to a certain extent. The biodiesel Calophyllum inophyllum Methyl Ester (CIME100) and its blends CIME30 and CIME60 are used in engine testing. The experimental parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and NOx emissions are evaluated with CIME100 biodiesel and the results are compared with conventional fuel. It is observed that the CIME biodiesel resulted in slight decrease in brake thermal efficiency. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are reduced with the use of biodiesel with significant penalty in oxides of nitrogen emissions. In addition, the combustion parameters such as cylinder gas pressure, ignition delay period, and heat release rate of CIME100 are discussed in detailed and compared to conventional diesel fuel under various loading conditions. © 2017 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University

Ashok B

Department of Automotive Engineering

School of Mechanical Engineering

Vellore Campus

Nantha Gopal K

Sakthi Vignesh D.

Fulltext

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

Tree seed oils seem to be a transportation fuel for compression ignition engine at the regular usage around the globe. In India, the seven out of eight customers prefer to use diesel vehicles for their regular usage which has depicted a highly crooked situation. In this present report, a comprehensive review of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel as alternative energy source for compression ignition engine applications through various categories like properties assessment, utilization in diesel engine etc. This review report summarizes the various novel production technologies for Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel that have been used in recent times along with their production yield comparative analysis. Many optimized production methodologies of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel have been comparatively evaluated with other feedstock based biodiesels. It has been noticed that the raw oil per Calophyllum inophyllum tree would be around 11.7 kg and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel yield through supercritical intensification method is closed to 99% which is significantly higher than other biodiesel feedstock. Further, the impacts of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel properties on compression ignition engine behaviours were eventually outlined. Inaddtion, the recent research outputs on the effect of various higher alcohols, antioxidants and nanoparticles with Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel fuel at various concentrations are discussed in a comprehensive manner. The overall influence of changing compression ignition engine operating parameters such as injection timing, injection pressure and compression ratio variations during Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel fuel operations are critically outlined. Inaddtion, the various properties of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel are compared with other feedstock biodiesels and fewer experimental work outputs are highlighted. In the end, the life cycle cost analysis of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel has also been presented. Finally, some specific conclusions about Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel are summarized and few critical problems on the commercial utilization of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel are also pointed out. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Comprehensive review of Calophyllum inophyllum as a feasible alternate energy for CI engine applications

In this research work, the four ternary blends were prepared with 30% and 40% by volume of higher alcohol (decanol and hexanol) with <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/biodiesel">biodiesel</a> while maintain 50% of diesel concentration. All ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel-higher alcohols were used in single <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/engine-cylinders">cylinder engine</a> and the results were compared with binary blend of 50%–50% biodiesel, pure diesel and biodiesel. It was revealed that thermal efficiency of ternary blends was higher than biodiesel and in some cases it is closer to pure diesel. In contrary, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/specific-fuel-consumption">specific fuel consumption</a> is found to lower with increase in alcohol fractions in ternary blends. Moreover, hydrocarbon, smoke, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/carbon-monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> emissions from alcohol-infused fuel blends were observed to be lower than both biodiesel and pure diesel. Significant reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions was also observed by the addition of higher alcohols to the fuel blend when compared to biodiesel fuel. It is to be noted that decanol 40% addition with diesel and biodiesel blend has shown better results in emission characteristics. Furthermore, the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/heat-release-rate">heat release rate</a> and in-cylinder pressure for biodiesel were significantly lower compared to pure diesel fuels. However, addition of 40% decanol with fuel blend improved the heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure.

Energy

Comparative assessment of hexanol and decanol as oxygenated additives with calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel

Stringent emission regulations and depletion of crude oil are driving researchers toward alternative fuels. In this context, palm oil emerges as a good competitor as it is highly economical compared to other alternative fuels. The current research work centers around the impact of palm oil methyl ester on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics at varying injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation rates. In the first phase of this research work, various blends of palm oil methyl ester with diesel with volume concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% were prepared and tested at different load conditions. Injection timing was then varied for the optimized blend. In the second phase, the impact of exhaust gas blending with fresh charge was studied at optimized injection timing. The test outcomes revealed that 20% mix of palm oil at 27° bTDC with exhaust gas blending of 20% generated higher brake thermal efficiency, higher peak pressure, and less hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel at standard injection timing of 23° bTDC and no blending of exhaust gases with fresh charge. However, progression of injection timing with 20% exhaust gas mixing indicated a slight penalty in smoke discharges. Brake thermal efficiency at advanced injection timing with 20% mix of exhaust gases reduced by 7.7% for diesel and increased by 6.5% for 20% blend of palm oil when compared to standard injection timing of diesel and no blending of exhaust gases. Significant diminishments in oxides of nitrogen (lessened by 6.6%) and hydrocarbons (decreased by 30.43%) have been noted for 20% mix of biodiesel at advanced injection timing with 20% exhaust gas mix contrasted to diesel at standard conditions. Therefore, the present examination prescribes 20% merging of exhaust gases for 20% blend of palm oil with advancement of injection timing for diesel engine applications. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Engine parameter optimization of palm oil biodiesel as alternate fuel in CI engine

The trend of using biodiesels in compression ignition engines have been the focus in recent decades due to the promising environmental factors and depletion of fossil fuel reserves. This work presents the effect of Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester on diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics at different injection pressures. Experimental investigations with varying injection pressures of 200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar have been carried out to analyse the parameters like brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, heat release rate and engine emissions of direct injection diesel engine fuelled with 100% biodiesel and compared with neat diesel. The experimental results revealed that brake specific fuel consumption of C. inophyllum methyl ester fuelled engine has been reduced to a great extent with higher injection pressure. Significant reduction in emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and smoke opacity have been observed during fuel injection of biodiesel at 220 bar compared to other fuel injection pressures. However oxides of nitrogen increased with increase in injection pressures of C. inophyllum methyl ester and are always higher than that of neat diesel. In addition the combustion characteristics of biodiesel at all injection pressures followed a similar trend to that of conventional diesel. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Energy Conversion and Management

Influence of fuel injection pressures on Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester fuelled direct injection diesel engine

Alternative fuels for both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines have become very important owing to increased environmental protection concern, the need to reduce dependency on petroleum and even socioeconomic aspects. An appropriate sustainable fuel alternative has turn out to be a main concern and bio-diesel is one of the sustainable fuels. The path of interest in biodiesel has highlighted its advantages which include decrease in hydrocarbon and particulate matter. Meanwhile its shortcoming includes higher emission of oxides of nitrogen. This work is an attempt to develop a mathematical relationship to predict thermal NOx in CI engine fuelled with neat biodiesel. Attention was focused on using in-cylinder pressure based variables to predict NOx. In cylinder pressure measurement is a valuable tool for the analysis of CI engine combustion, which is used for finding the heat release rate, ignition delay, etc. The parameter used for the NOx correlations are ignition delay, maximum temperature and density of the fuel. Mathematical correlation is developed from the experimental values of B-100 (Neat) biodiesel derived from Calophyllum Inophyllum oil. Experiments are conducted using biodiesel derived from non-edible oils to validate the correlated results. NOx emission predicted through correlation is compared with the biodiesel derived from B-100- Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel,B-30 elanji biodiesel (EME) and B-20 biodiesel prepared from waste cooking oil(WCME). The correlation developed is almost matching for B-100 Calophyllum Inophyllum.EME-B30 have a maximum error of 18.5%.WCME B20 have a maximum error of 23.5%.There was a significant reduction in error percentage of the developed correlation, as the biodiesel quantity in the blend increases. Copyright © 2016 SAE International.

SAE Technical Paper Series

Numerical Prediction of NOx in the Exhaust of a CI Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Using In-Cylinder Combustion Pressure Based Variables

The engine, which uses both conventional diesel fuel and LPG fuel, is referred to as ‘LPG–diesel dual fuel engines’. LPG dual fuel engines are modified diesel engines which use primary fuel as LPG and secondary fuel as diesel. LPG dual fuel engines have a good thermal efficiency at high output but the performance is less during part load conditions due to the poor utilization of charges. This problem can be overcome by varying factors such as pilot fuel quantity, injection timing, composition of the gaseous fuel and intake charge conditions, for improving the performance, combustion and emissions of dual fuel engines. This article reviews about the research work done by the researchers in order to improve the performance, combustion and emission parameters of a LPG–diesel dual fuel engines. From the studies it is shown that the use of LPG in diesel engine is one of the capable methods to reduce the PM and NOx emissions but at same time at part load condition there is a drop in efficiency and power output with respect to diesel operation.

LPG diesel dual fuel engine – A critical review

Biodiesel has been identified as a potential alternative fuel for CI engines because use of biodiesel can reduce petroleum diesel consumption as well as engine out emissions. Out of many biodiesel derived from various resources, biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) can be prepared economically using usual transesterification process. In the present study, in-depth research and comparative study of blends of biodiesel made from WCO and diesel is carried out to bring out the benefits of its extensive usage in CI engines. The experimental results of the study reveal that the WCO biodiesel has similar characteristics to that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and smoke opacity are observed to be lower in the case of WCO biodiesel blends than diesel. On the other hand specific energy consumption and oxides of nitrogen of WCO biodiesel blends are found to be higher than diesel. In addition combustion characteristics of all biodiesel blends showed similar trends when compared to that of conventional diesel. © 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.

Journal	Data powered by TypesetAlexandria Engineering Journal
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetElsevier BV
ISSN	1110-0168
Open Access	Yes