Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles are considered to be the most important of several kinds of nanoparticles, having numerous applications in the biomedical field. There are many ways to synthesize metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, which include natural (Green), chemical and physical methods. But the main drawback to chemical or physical processes is their hazardous approach and elimination of toxic effluents, which cause a threat to the environment. To overcome this drawback, most researchers have been focusing on a biotechnological approach towards the synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles. In general, metal nanoparticles utilized in applications mingle with air and lead to some airborne diseases while metal oxide nanoparticles are very tiny in comparison. In this chapter, the most prominent research in the field of nanobiotechnology is discussed; moreover, an overview is given of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their applications. © 2018 Scrivener Publishing LLC.

Mohana Roopan S

Department of Chemistry

School of Advanced Sciences

Vellore Campus

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

&nbsp;

&nbsp;

VIT University

Green Metal Nanoparticles

Ecofriendly synthesis of Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were achieved using Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) seeds as reducing agent. Further the ecofriendly synthesized PdNPs were subjected for various analytical techniques like UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, Zeta potential, SEM and TEM. The results indicated that green synthesized PdNPs were spherical in shape with average particle size of 28 ± 2 nm with moderate stability. Further the synthesized PdNPs and extract were subjected for its antibacterial studies against various disease causing pathogens by agar well diffusion method. Seed extract resulted in 8.9 ± 1.46 mm against B. subtilis and PdNPs showed 9.6 ± 1.10 mm against S. aureus and synthesized PdNPs and extract were tested for hemolytic which resulted in 20% and 10% respectively. Toxicity studies were done against Artemia salina (A. salina). The LC50 value of green synthesized P. emblica capped PdNPs and the P. emblica seed extract were found to be less toxic for A. salina with a value of 1.00 μg/mL and 1.25 μg/mL. In addition samples were checked for in vitro cytotoxicity assays on HeLa cell lines. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

Phyllanthus emblica seed extract mediated synthesis of PdNPs against antibacterial, heamolytic and cytotoxic studies

Different sized tetragonal tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) were synthesized using Piper nigrum seed extract at three different calcination temperatures (300, 500, 900 °C) and these nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR). The optical properties were studied using UV–Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometers. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was monitored by using a fluorescence spectrophotometer and fluorescence microscope. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized SnO2 NPs was checked against the colorectal (HCT116) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines and the study results show that SnO2 NPs were toxic against cancer cell lines depending on their size and dose. IC50 values of SnO2 NPs having average particle sizes of 8.85 ± 3.5, 12.76 ± 3.9 and 29.29 ± 10.9 nm are 165, 174 and 208 μg L− 1 against HCT116, while these values are 135, 157 and 187 μg L− 1 against A549 carcinoma cell lines, respectively. The generated ROS were responsible for the cytotoxicity of SnO2 NPs to the studied cancer cells and smaller size NPs generated more ROS and hence showed higher cytotoxicity over larger size NPs. The results of this study suggest that the synthesized stable nanoparticles could be a potent therapeutic agent towards cancerous cell lines. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

Cytotoxicity study of Piper nigrum seed mediated synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles towards colorectal (HCT116) and lung cancer (A549) cell lines

In this era, researchers have mainly concentrated on green synthesis of nanoparticles which is rapid, nontoxic, ecofriendly, reproducible and less cost when compared to the chemical and physical methods. Phytochemical reduction of AgNO3 to Ag NPs using root bark extracts of Catunaregum spinosa (C. spinosa) is reported in this manuscript. The resulting bio-reduced Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were analyzed by UV–Visible Spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, TEM, Zeta potential and EDAX. Preparation of Ag NPs was identified by transformation of color from white to brown with maximum absorption at 442 nm due to Surface Plasmon Resonance. Crystalline studies by XRD inferred that the biosynthesized Ag NPs were crystalline in nature and further morphological studies revealed that the particles were spherically agglomerated with size ranging from 33 ± 2 nm. Moreover, the green synthesized Ag NPs were subjected for the degradation of toxic Amaranth dye using photoreactor exactly at 365 nm and pseudo first order kinetics were also stated the rate of degradation reaction were identified to be − K = 0.932 which provides significant results showing 94.07% degradation of azo grouped dye. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

Journal of Molecular Liquids

Catunaregum spinosa capped Ag NPs and its photocatalytic application against amaranth toxic azo dye

In recent decades, several scientists focused their process towards nanoparticles synthesis by using various sustainable approaches. Cocos nucifera (C. nucifera) was one of the versatile trees in tropical regions which also can act as a thrust quencher in all over the world. Cocos nucifera coir was one of the waste by-products in all coconut-refining industries and with the help C. nucifera coir, Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were synthesized. Green-synthesized spherical-shape Pd NPs were over layered by secondary metabolites from C. nucifera coir extract and with an average particle size of 62 ± 2 nm, which were confirmed by morphological analysis. Eco-friendly mediated Pd NPs were further subjected to several biological applications like larvicidal against Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti) and anti-feedent, ovicidal, and oviposition deterrent against agricultural pest Callasobruchus maculates (C. maculates) and compared with C. nuciferacoir methanolic extract, which results in LC50 value of 288.88 ppm and LC90 value of 483.06 ppm using LSD-Tukey’s test against dengue vector (A. aegypti). Cocos nucifera coir methanolic extract shows significant output while compared with Pd NPs towards anti-feedent assays; ovicidal activity and oviposition deterrent were discussed here. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Fulltext

Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology

Cocos nucifera coir-mediated green synthesis of Pd NPs and its investigation against larvae and agricultural pest

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are important materials when making different products like sun screens, textiles, and paints. In the current study, the photocatalytic effect of prepared ZnO NPs from Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) was evaluated on degradation of crystal violet (CV) dye, which is largely released from textile industries and is harmful to the environment. Preliminarily, ZnO NP formation was confirmed using a double beam ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer; further, the NP size was estimated using XRD analysis and the functional group analysis was determined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The morphology of the synthesized NPs was found to be a hexagonal shape using SEM and TEM analysis and elemental screening was analyzed using EDX. ZnO NPs were shown sized 40–45 nm and spherical in shape. The degradation percentage of ZnO NPs was calculated as 94% at 70 min and the rate of the reaction –k = 0.0282. The synthesized ZnO NPs were determined for effectiveness on biological activities such as antifungal, hemolytic, and antibacterial activity. ZnO NPs showed good antifungal activity against Alternaria saloni and Sclerrotium rolfii strains. Further, we have determined the hemolytic and antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs and we got successive results in antibacterial and hemolytic activities. © 2016, The Author(s).

Journal	Data powered by TypesetGreen Metal Nanoparticles
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Open Access	0