In this study, we investigate the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles with various particle sizes. ZnO was prepared by the base hydrolysis of zinc acetate in a 2-propanol medium and also by a precipitation method using Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH. The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Bacteriological tests such as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion were performed in Luria-Bertani and nutrient agar media on solid agar plates and in liquid broth systems using different concentrations of ZnO by a standard microbial method for the first time. Our bacteriological study showed the enhanced biocidal activity of ZnO nanoparticles compared with bulk ZnO in repeated experiments. This demonstrated that the bactericidal efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles increases with decreasing particle size. It is proposed that both the abrasiveness and the surface oxygen species of ZnO nanoparticles promote the biocidal properties of ZnO nanoparticles. © 2008 National Institute for Materials Science.

Padmavathy C

Department of Technology Management

School of Mechanical Engineering

Vellore Campus

Vijayaraghavan R

Department of Chemistry

School of Advanced Sciences

Nagarajan Padmavathy

Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan

Fulltext

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles?an antimicrobial study

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

Bioorganic Phase in Natural Food: An Overview

Controlling of Food Borne Pathogens by Nanoparticles

Pure and Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures with different weight ratios (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 at wt% of Fe) were successfully synthesized by a facile microwave combustion method using urea as a fuel. The detailed structural characterization was performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD patterns refined by the Rietveld method indicated that Fe-doped ZnO have a single pure phase with wurtzite structure, suggesting that Fe ions are successfully incorporated into ZnO crystal lattice by occupying Zn ionic sites. Interestingly, the morphology was found to change substantially from grains to nanoflakes and then into nanorods with the variation of Fe-content. The optical band gap estimated using DRS was found to be red-shifted from 3.220 eV for the pure ZnO nanostructures, then decreases up to 3.200 eV with increasing Fe-content. Magnetic studies showed that Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) and the saturation magnetization attained a maximum value of 8.154×10-3 emu/g for the highest Fe-content. The antibacterial activity of pure and Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures against a Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria was investigated. Pure ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO exhibited antibacterial activity, but it was considerably more effective in the 1.5 wt% Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures. ©2016 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Influence of Fe-Doping on the Structural, Morphological, Optical, Magnetic and Antibacterial Effect of ZnO Nanostructures

A systematic and complete antibacterial study on well-designed and well-characterized microparticle (micro), nanoparticle (nano), and capped nano ZnO has been carried out in both dark and light conditions with the objective of arriving at the mechanism of the antibacterial activity of ZnO, particularly in the dark. The present systematic study has conclusively proved that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as •OH, •O2-, and H2O2 are significantly produced from aqueous suspension of ZnO even in the dark and are mainly responsible for the activity in the dark up to 17%, rather than Zn2+ ion leaching as proposed earlier. This work further confirms that surface defects play a major role in the production of ROS both in the presence and absence of light. In the dark, superoxide (•O2-) radical mediated ROS generation through singly ionized oxygen vacancy is proposed for the first time, and it is confirmed by EPR and scavenger studies. ROS such as •O2-, H2O2, and •OH have been estimated by UV-visible spectroscopy using nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), KMnO4 titrations, and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. These are correlated to the antibacterial activity of ZnO in the dark and light. The activity is found to be highest for nano ZnO and least for micro ZnO, with capped ZnO between the two, highlighting the important role of surface defects in generation of ROS. The surface charge density of ZnO in dark and light has been estimated for the first time to the best of our knowledge, and it can influence antibacterial activity. Our work proposes a new mechanism mediated by superoxide species, for antibacterial activity of ZnO especially in the dark. © 2015 American Chemical Society.

Langmuir

Insight into the Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity of ZnO: Surface Defects Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Even in the Dark

Un-doped and Co-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with different weight ratios (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0wt% of Co) were synthesized by a facile and rapid microwave-assisted combustion method using urea as a fuel. The prepared NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD patterns refined by the Rietveld method indicated that Co-doped ZnO had a single pure phase with wurtzite structure suggesting that Co2+ ions would occupy Zn2+ ionic sites within the ZnO crystal lattice. Interestingly, the morphology was found to convert substantially from grains to nanoparticles with close-packed periodic array of hexagonal-like shape and then into randomly distributed spherical NPs with the variation of Co-content. The optical band gap estimated using DRS was found to be red-shifted from 3.22eV for the un-doped ZnO NPs then decrease up to 2.88eV with increasing Co-content. PL spectra showed a strong green emission band thus confirming the formation of pure single ZnO phase. Magnetic studies showed that Co-doped ZnO NPs exhibited room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) and that the saturation magnetization attained a maximum value of 2.203×10-3emu/g for the highest Co-content. The antibacterial studies performed against a set of bacterial strains showed that the 2.0wt% Co-doped ZnO NPs possessed a greater antibacterial effect. © 2014 .

Journal of Materials Science & Technology

Co-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: Structural, Morphological, Optical, Magnetic and Antibacterial Studies

In the present work, we describe a low-cost, unreported and simple procedure for biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using reproducible bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila as eco-friendly reducing and capping agent. UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, AFM, NC-AFM and FESEM with EDX analyses were performed to ascertain the formation and characterization of ZnO NPs. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by a peak at 374 nm in the UV-vis spectrum. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles and AFM showed the morphology of the nanoparticle to be spherical, oval with an average size of 57.72 nm. Synthesized ZnO NPs showed the XRD peaks at 31.75°, 34.37°, 47.60°, 56.52°, 66.02° and 75.16° were identified as (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1), (1 0 2), (1 1 0), (1 1 2) and (2 02) reflections, respectively. Rietveld analysis to the X-ray data indicated that ZnO NPs have hexagonal unit cell at crystalline level. The size and topological structure of the ZnO NPs was measured by NC-AFM. The morphological characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was analyzed by FESEM and chemical composition by EDX. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was ended with corresponding well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in the ZnO NPs (25 μg/mL) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22 ± 1.8 mm) and Aspergillus flavus (19 ± 1.0 mm). Bacteria-mediated ZnO NPs were synthesized and proved to be a good novel antimicrobial material for the first time in this study. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy

Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine

Antibacterial activity of ZnO powder with crystallographic orientation

Materials Letters

Photoluminescence of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a low-temperature colloidal chemistry method

Chemical Communications

A study on the antibacterial activity of one-dimensional ZnO nanowire arrays: effects of the orientation and plane surface

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Silver Bromide Nanoparticle/Polymer Composites:  Dual Action Tunable Antimicrobial Materials

Nano Letters

Piezoelectric and Semiconducting Coupled Power Generating Process of a Single ZnO Belt/Wire. A Technology for Harvesting Electricity from the Environment

Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles—an antimicrobial study

Journal	Science and Technology of Advanced Materials
Publisher	Informa UK Limited
ISSN	1468-6996
Open Access	No