The therapeutic potency of ultrasonic nanoemulsified garlic oil blend using a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80) was assessed on pre-diabetic Wistar rats with microalbuminuria. The pre-diabetic condition was induced in male albino Wistar rats by supplementing high-fat diet. The prolonged period of the pre-diabetic state caused renal dysfunctioning, which was indicated by microalbuminuria. Treatment of pre-diabetic rats with nanoemulsified garlic oil blend significantly ameliorated the lipid profile (p &lt; 0.001), urinary albumin (p &lt; 0.01), microprotein (p &lt; 0.001), urinary triglycerides (p &lt; 0.01), serum triglycerides (p &lt; 0.01), serum albumin (p &lt; 0.05), and protein levels (p &lt; 0.01) in comparison to treatment of pre-diabetic rats with garlic oil blend or atorvastatin. Similarly, histopathological investigations indicated a remarkable attenuation in the mesangial expansion and proliferation, glomerular and tubular basement membrane thickening, and the tubular lipid deposits on administering nanoemulsified garlic oil blend than garlic oil blend or atorvastatin. Moreover, nanoemulsified garlic oil blend significantly promoted renal podocin gene expression by 3.98-fold (p &lt; 0.001) and attenuated increased urinary podocin level by 2.92-fold (p &lt; 0.01). Thus, our study affirms that the efficacy of garlic oil blend was augmented upon nanoemulsification, which substantially ameliorated the renal abnormalities observed in the pre-diabetic condition than garlic oil blend or atorvastatin. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Pragasam V

Department of Bio-Sciences

School of Bio Sciences and Technology

Vellore Campus

Yuvashree M

Gokulakannan R

Ganesh R.N

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Garlic oil nanoemulsion was formulated using ultrasonic emulsification and the optimized garlic oil nanoemulsion ratio (1:2) of oil: surfactant showed spherical, with tiny droplet size 24.9 ± 1.11 nm. It was observed that the prepared nanoemulsion has the zeta potential of −42.63 ± 1.58 mV and a low polydispersity index of 0.2 ± 0.09 with excellent stability. The formulation was subjected to in vivo acute and sub-acute toxicity. In acute toxicity study, single oral administration of 18.63 ml of garlic oil nanoemulsion/kg resulted in immediate mortality. However, garlic oil nanoemulsion (0.46 ml/kg) and tween 80 (0.5 ml/kg) administered rats did not exhibit any toxicity and showed no changes in hematological and histological parameters. Further, both preventive and curative studies of garlic oil nanoemulsion were evaluated in high-fat diet fed dyslipidemic Wistar rats. Garlic oil nanoemulsion administered groups showed a significant effect in reducing the levels of lipid profiles (p &lt; 0.001) compared to atorvastatin and garlic oil. Evaluation of lipid deposits in hepatic tissues was analyzed by Oil Red O staining, which revealed that garlic oil nanoemulsion administered rats markedly reduced the fat depots. Our findings suggest that garlic oil nano-emulsified form reduced toxicity and improved efficacy in preventing and treating dyslipidemia. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Evaluation of garlic oil in nano-emulsified form: Optimization and its efficacy in high-fat diet induced dyslipidemia in Wistar rats

The objective of this study is to check the regulation of crystal matrix proteins and inflammatory mediators by citrus bioflavonoids (CB) and Lemon peel (LP) extract in hyperoxaluric rats. The animals were divided into six groups with 6 animals each. Group 1: Control, Group 2: Urolithic (Ethylene glycol (EG)-0.75%); Group 3 &amp; 5: Preventive study (EG + CB (20 mg/kg body weight) and LP (100 mg/kg body weight) extract administration from 0th-7th week) respectively; Group 4 &amp; 6: Curative study (EG + CB and LP extract administration from 4th–7th week) respectively by oral administration. Urinary lithogenic factors (Calcium, oxalate, phosphate and citrate) were normalized in CB &amp; LP supplemented rats, while serum parameters revealed the nephroprotective nature of the intervening agents compared to urolithic rats (p &lt; 0.001). Immunoblotting studies showed significantly increased expression of THP, osteopontin and transferrin in kidneys of urolithic rats (p &lt; 0.001), while preventive and curative study showed near normal expression of these proteins. Expression of NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-6 were raised significantly (p &lt; 0.001), while a very minimal increase in MCP-1 expression was observed in urolithic rats compared to control. Hence, supplementation of CB and LP reduced the crystal promoting factors and provides protection from crystal induced renal damage. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Regulation of urinary crystal inhibiting proteins and inflammatory genes by lemon peel extract and formulated citrus bioflavonoids on ethylene glycol induced urolithic rats

Aims This study was designed to analyze the level of soluble CD36 (sCD36) in both plasma and urine of type 2 diabetic patients with and without microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria. Methods Study subjects (n = 20 each) comprised of those with normal glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with normoalbuminiria, T2DM with microalbuminuria and T2DM with macroalbuminuria. The biochemical parameters were analyzed using auto-analyzer, and the level of sCD36 was estimated using an in-house Sandwich ELISA. Results The presence of sCD36 has been identified for the first time in the urine sample. Significant increase in the level of sCD36 was observed in both plasma and urine of diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (P &lt; 0.01) and macroalbuminuria (P &lt; 0.001). Positive correlation of sCD36 with the kidney markers such as urea, creatinine and eGFR confirmed the association of sCD36 with kidney damage in diabetic patients. Microalbuminuria, which is clinically used as a biomarker for nephropathy showed a strong positive correlation with urine sCD36 (r = 0.642; P &lt; 0.001) and plasma sCD36 (r = 0.498; P &lt; 0.001) in Pearson correlation analysis, which was further substantiated in stepwise multiple regression analysis. Conclusions Our study implies a plausible prognostic/adjuvant biomarker role of soluble CD36 for diabetic nephropathy. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Journal of Diabetes and its Complications

Soluble CD36 in plasma and urine: A plausible prognostic marker for diabetic nephropathy

The present study reports the formulation of soy protein nanoparticles and its conjugation to antivenom. The conditions for nanoparticle formation were optimised by considering particle size, count rate, stability and zeta potential. The smallest particle size of 70.9 ± 0.9 nm with a zeta potential of −28.0 ± 1.4 mV was obtained at pH 6.2, with NaOH 5.4 % and 28 μg/mg glutaraldehyde. The nanoparticle was conjugated with antisnake venom immunoglobulins (F(ab′)2 fragments) using 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide. TEM analysis indicated the increased size of particle to 600 nm after conjugation to antivenom. Further, in vitro studies indicated that conjugated antibodies inhibited the activity of protease, phospholipase and hyaluronidase enzymes of Bungarus caeruleus venom more efficiently than the free antivenom. This is the first report on the use of protein nanoparticles for conjugating snake venom antibodies and their implications for neutralising snake venom enzymes with increased efficiency. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Formulation and Characterisation of Antibody-Conjugated Soy Protein Nanoparticles—Implications for Neutralisation of Snake Venom with Improved Efficiency

Objective: Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been proven to exhibit antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties. However, its effect on diabetic nephropathy was unexplored. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the renoprotective effect of AGE in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Albino Wistar rats were induced with diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg b.w. of streptozotocin. Commercially available AGE was supplemented orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight/day. Aminoguanidine, which has been proven to be an anti-glycation agent was used as positive control and was supplemented at a dose of 1 g/L in drinking water. The serum and urinary biochemical parameters were analyzed in all the groups and at the end of 12 weeks follow up, the renal histological examination were performed using H &amp; E and PAS staining. Results: The diabetic rats showed a significant change in the urine (P &lt; 0.001) and serum (P &lt; 0.01) constituents such as albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen and glycated hemoglobin. In addition, the serum lipid profile of the diabetic rats were altered significantly (P &lt; 0.05) compared to that of the control rats. However, the diabetic rats supplemented with aged garlic extract restored all these biochemical changes. The efficacy of the extract was substantiated by the histopathological changes in the kidney. Conclusion: From our results, we conclude that aged garlic extract has the ability to ameliorate kidney damage in diabetic rats and the renoprotective effect of AGE may be attributed to its anti-glycation and hypolipidemic activities.

Journal	Data powered by TypesetApplied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetSpringer Science and Business Media LLC
ISSN	0273-2289
Open Access	0