Foodborne diseases impose a high public health burden globally. The majority of bacterial infections lead to pandemics. Dominant pathogens produce one or more toxins targeting signal transduction of the host, which finally bring about pathophysiological changes and lead to disease(s). Some inhibit protein synthesis, some are neurotoxic, and some target different cellular functions. Evolution of all these toxin moieties enables pathogen(s) to emerge and target the host. Targets and modes of action are mostly known to develop prophylaxis; however, the corresponding defensive actions in a host are not yet well understood. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Asit Ranjan Ghosh

Department of Integrative Biology

School of Bio Sciences and Technology

Vellore Campus

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Foodborne Diseases

Features of heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli which make them fit to use as novel receptors for antidiarrheals are not completely explored. Data-set of 14 different serovars of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli producing heat-labile toxins were taken from NCBI Genbank database and used in the study. Sequence analysis showed mutations in different subunits and also at their interface residues. As these toxins lack crystallography structures, homology modeling using Modeller 9.11 led to the structural approximation for the E. coli producing heat-labile toxins. Interaction of modeled toxin subunits with proanthocyanidin, an antidiarrheal showed several strong hydrogen bonding interactions at the cost of minimized energy. The hits were subsequently characterized by molecular dynamics simulation studies to monitor their binding stabilities. This study looks into novel space where the ligand can choose the receptor preference not as a whole but as an individual subunit. Mutation at interface residues and interaction among subunits along with the binding of ligand to individual subunits would help to design a non-toxic labile toxin and also to improve the therapeutics. © 2014 Taylor &amp; Francis.

Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics

Analysis and modeling of heat-labile enterotoxins ofEscherichia colisuggests a novel space with insights into receptor preference

Laribacter hongkongensis is an emerging bacterial pathogen causing gastroenteritis and traveller’s diarrhoea. However, pathogenicity of L. hongkongensis has not yet been properly understood. We therefore, investigated putative pathogenicity markers like elt, est, stx1, stx2, eae, eaf, EAgg, bfpA, Int I, Int II, Int III and cnf respectively in strains received from Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong University. Above genes were commonly found among pathogenic member genera of Enterobacteriaceae-causing diarrhoea. Received strains were confirmed microbiologically and by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Cultivability was examined using 23 different commercially available microbial growth media followed by antibiotic susceptibility test, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extraction and raising antisera in rabbit against heat-killed L. hongkongensis. Moreover, Escherichia coli classification genes chuA, yjaA, TspE4 and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) genes like TEM, SHV, OXA, CTXM, CTXM1 and CTXM9 were also examined by PCR assay. Results showed the possession of eae, bfpA, Int and CTXM9 respectively for putative virulence. Furthermore, purity of extracted LPS was confirmed by HPLC, and raised serum was found useful in diagnosis of LPS; bacterium thus can be employed for immunodiagnostics. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Molecular Insight of Putative Pathogenicity Markers with ESBL Genes and Lipopolysaccharide in Laribacter hongkongensis

Laribacter hongkongensis is relatively a new name in the list of bacterial pathogens for gastroenteritis and travelers' diarrhea. Addition of another name increases burden on the enteric infections as a whole. L. hongkongensis belongs to Neisseriaceae family of β subclass Proteobacteria. L. hongkongensis was initially isolated in Hong Kong from blood and empyema of an alcoholic cirrhotic patient in 2001, followed by reports from Korea and China, representing a total of 38 articles in PubMed until April 2013. As of now, there is no report from Indian subcontinent where infectious diarrhea is very much prevalent and a major burden. This review provides information about the microbiological characteristics, consideration of an emerging pathogen, relative pathogenicity, genome and proteome content, resistance toward multiple antibiotics, adaptability to different stress, and other features since its time of discovery. Investigation for this bacterium may avoid misidentification as other microbial flora. Further studies like the geographical distribution, type of infection, disease burden, pathogenicity, or genomic exploration of this bacterium will be useful in characterizing them properly. This bacterium may possibly be the emerging threat to public health. © 2014 Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.

Folia Microbiologica

Laribacter hongkongensis: an emerging pathogen of infectious diarrhea

Escherichia coli have public health impact on humans by causing gastroenteritis including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. A total of 215 samples collected from fast foods, swabs from meat shops and fish markets were examined. Thirty-six samples (16.74%) were identified as E.coli with various serogroups like O8, O19, O22, O41, O60, O101, O116 and O147, respectively. Only nine (25%) E.coli possessed the gene encoding shiga toxin (stx 1). Isolated E.coli were multidrug-resistant with complete resistance to fluroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin respectively). Isolation of stx 1 bearing E.coli with multidrug resistance from fast food and meat sources is a clear indication of environmental contamination and is a matter of public health concern. Practical Application: Detection of diarrheogenic serogroups of stx 1 harboring Escherichia coli with multidrug resistance in fast foods and meat shops is applicable in creating awareness among public about the unhygienic practices followed in the fast food centers and retail meat shops and also the improper disposal of fecal and antibiotic wastes, which is the cause for such contaminations. This study also insists the need of health education and hygienic practice for the food handlers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Journal of Food Safety

Multidrug-Resistantstx1HarboringEscherichia colifrom Meat Shop and Fast Food

PLOS Medicine

World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis

Journal	Data powered by TypesetFoodborne Diseases
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetElsevier
Open Access	0