The goal of the segmentation techniques called deformable models is to adapt a curve in order to optimize the overlapping with another image of interest with the actual contour. Some of the problems existing in optimization involve choosing an optimization method, selecting parameters, and initializing the curve. All these problems will be discussed within this chapter, with reference to metaheuristics, and are designed to solve complex optimization and machine learning problems. We discuss image segmentation techniques which depend on active contour models using metaheuristics. Similarly, histological image segmentation techniques are elaborated using a level set approach based upon metaheuristics. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.