Nanofibers have gained much interest for use in various biomedical applications over the past few decades due to their unique functional properties such as large surface area and high aspect ratio, which plays a vital role in cellular and molecular activities, and their structural similarity to native cellular microenvironment. Despite their numerous advantages, some of the biomedical applications require the use of nanofiber composites owing to their excellent structural and tunable functional properties compared to the monophasic nanofibers. Nanofiber composites are a relatively new, unique, and versatile class of nanomaterials. The nanofiber composite approach has significantly enhanced the cell attachment and cellular functions in comparison to the monophasic nanofiber approach. For example, human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) cultured on the nanofiber composites made of polycaprolactone (PCL) and sodium alginate showed progressive growth and a higher DNA content than the monophasic PCL nanofiber system. It is well documented that most of the nanofiber composites are designed to have more enhanced mechanical, structural, and cellular properties than their monophasic counterparts. This book chapter, therefore, aims to provide an introduction and exploration of nanofiber composites for use in various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, stem cell therapy, cancer therapy, and wound healing. For the benefit of the reader, the authors also discuss the clinical and commercial aspects of nanofiber composites. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.