Transition from fossil-based to bio-based economy is a global need for the production of renewable forms of energy and products. Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) are majorly catalyzed by the conventional electrochemical processes through microbial catalysis. This chapter summarizes the origin and history, diversification, and application of MET as a sustainable platform technology in the domain of waste remediation, resource recovery, and bioenergy generation. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.