Complete restoration or regeneration of damaged cartilaginous tissues is a strenuous process. Due to the lack of vascularity and the confinement of chondrocytes within lacunae, thus limiting their migration ability, cartilage tissues lack the natural regenerative properties of other tissues (skin and bone). To overcome this natural inability, in recent years scaffold-based tissue engineering has emerged as a vital approach for repairing or regenerating damaged or injured cartilage tissues. Within this regime, the development of biomimetic and advanced scaffolds for replacing the natural cartilage tissue has gained a lot of attention. Nanofiber composites closely resemble the natural extracellular matrix and can support cell proliferation and direct differentiation while new tissue is formed, making them the popular material choice for scaffolds. The fibrous component improves the mechanical and surface properties, whereas the other constituents such as polymer, ceramic, metal, quantum dots, etc., provide biocompatibility and better functionality. However, these composite scaffolds can be made tissue-specific by further physical or chemical modifications. The objectives of this chapter are to describe the various important parameters for the development of nanofiber composites such as material options, fabrication techniques, surface modifications, growth factors, and cell sources, and examining their biological relevance for cartilage tissue engineering applications. For the benefit of readers, a brief introduction to the structure and function of the articular cartilage is also provided. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.