Inflammation is the root cause of many diseases. Chronic inflammation in the gut leads to many inflammatory diseases, primarily due to dysbiosis. Evolution of the gut among mammals is host to a large number of microbiota and it appears their number and quantity are quite significant in maintaining the physiological equilibrium, for homeostasis in general and especially the gut, in particular The evolutionary symbiosis between host and allochthonous microbiota can restore peace and balance in a system overcoming immunological intolerance. This is important to understanding the cause of balance in the gut. Specific probiotic characteristics of microbiota are required to maintain homeostasis. The inflammation of the gut may start from a mere infection, antibiotic use/abuse, dysbiosis, or the upregulation of proinflammatory molecules that comes with aging. Probiotics offer great potential to support gut health and regulate the causes of inflammation. The active surface components, the secondary metabolites, or/and biohydrogenation capabilities of probiotics in the gut reduce or remove the causes of inflammation, and thus relieve the host. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Asit Ranjan Ghosh

Department of Integrative Biology

School of Bio Sciences and Technology

Vellore Campus

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Therapeutic, Probiotic, and Unconventional Foods

Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 (MTCC 12683), a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (LAB), was found to produce bacteriocin in spent culture. Antibacterial and antagonistic potential of this bacteriocin against reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25619), and Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 15313) was proven by double-layer and well diffusion methods wherein nisin and ampicillin were used as positive controls. Bacteriocin in supernatant was purified and analyzed by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, and circular dichroism (CD). The physico-chemical properties of purified bacteriocin were characterized being treated at different temperatures (30 to 110 °C), pH (3.0 to 12.0), with different enzymes (α-amylase, pepsin, and lysozyme), and organic solvents (hexane, ethanol, methanol, and acetone) respectively. The molar mass of bacteriocin (named pediocin GS4) was determined as 9.57 kDa. The single peak appears at the retention time of 2.403 with area amounting to 25.02% with nisin as positive control in RP-HPLC. CD analysis reveals that the compound appears to have the helix ratio of 40.2% with no beta sheet. The antibacterial activity of pediocin GS4 was optimum at 50 °C and at pH 5.0 and 7.0. The pediocin GS4 was not denatured by the treatment of amylase and lysozyme but was not active in the presence of organic solvents. This novel bacteriocin thus m ay be useful in food and health care industry. © 2019, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.

Folia Microbiologica

Purification and characterization of pediocin from probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4, MTCC 12683

Objective To examine the survivability and stability of probiotic strains in presence and absence of pharmaceutical excipients for a long period of time at (4 ± 1) °C. Methods The survival rates of probiotic strains, Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 (MTCC12683) (NCBI HM044322), GS17 (NCBI KJ608061) and Lactobacillus gasseri (ATCC 19992), were evaluated. Probiotic strains were lyophilized individually and in combination of excipients (sorbitol, ascorbic acid, fructose and skim milk). The preparation was monitored for 120 d storing at (4 ± 1) °C. During storage, all the preparations were evaluated for viability and stability of probiotic properties like lactic acid production, antimicrobial effect, water activity, and adherence to epithelial cells. Results Sorbitol, ascorbic acid and skim milk favoured the viability of freeze-dried cells and sustained probiotic properties during storage. Without excipients (control group), strains showed percentage of survivability not more than 70% while strains with excipients survived for 73%–93% for a long period of time. Conclusions Commonly used excipients can be considered as a vehicle for delivering active principle in probiotic formulation and for sustaining the viability and stability of probiotic strains for a period of 120 d. © 2017 Hainan Medical University

Fulltext

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

Survivability of freeze-dried probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus strains GS4, GS17 and Lactobacillus gasseri (ATCC 19992) during storage with commonly used pharmaceutical excipients within a period of 120 days

Probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 produces conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) through biohydrogenation, which may be vital for colon cancer mitigation. Here, we have appraised the anti-cancer potential of probiotic GS4 against colon cancer. CLA produced by probiotic GS4 reduced the proliferation of HCT-116 in vitro rendering towards apoptosis and subsequently abrogated NF-κB and p-Akt. Probiotic GS4 efficiently mitigated colon cancer in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer mice model, which was evident from reduced disease severity, alleviated oxidative stress and neoplastic characters. Further delineation of underlying consequences at the level of host-microbe interface, the probiotic GS4 arbitrated the gut microflora-associated biohydrogenation, which subsequently triggered apoptosis in colonocytes, apparent from PARP cleavage, caspase 3 activity, DNA fragmentation and inhibition of HDAC activity. Conclusively, modulation of host-microbe interface with selective colonizing strategies combined with unique biohydrogenation ability of probiotic GS4 promises to be a therapeutic/functional food supplement responsible for mitigation of colon cancer. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.

Journal of Functional Foods

Appraisal of the anti-cancer potential of probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 against colon cancer: in vitro and in vivo approaches

Obesity is one of the major challenges for public health in 21st century, with 1.9 billion people being considered as overweight and 600 million as obese. There are certain diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and several forms of cancer which were found to be associated with obesity. Therefore, understanding the key molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of obesity could be beneficial for the development of a therapeutic approach. Hormones such as ghrelin, glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted by an endocrine organ gut, have an intense impact on energy balance and maintenance of homeostasis by inducing satiety and meal termination. Glucose and energy homeostasis are also affected by lipid sensing in which different organs respond in different ways. However, there is one common mechanism i.e. formation of esterified lipids (long chain fatty acyl CoAs) and the activation of protein kinase C δ (PKC δ) involved in all these organs. The possible role of gut microbiota and obesity has been addressed by several researchers in recent years, indicating the possible therapeutic approach toward the management of obesity by the introduction of an external living system such as a probiotic. The proposed mechanism behind this activity is attributed by metabolites produced by gut microbial organisms. Thus, this review summarizes the role of various physiological factors such as gut hormone and lipid sensing involved in various tissues and organ and most important by the role of gut microbiota in weight management. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Metabolism

Obesity: An overview of possible role(s) of gut hormones, lipid sensing and gut microbiota

Probiotic treatment has been gaining attention due to its remarkable effects in alleviating toxicity and carcinogenesis. The novel strain Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 has been reported for probiotic, survivability in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, and antioxidative and biohydrogenation properties. Therefore, we hypothesize that this specific strain might be able to assuage the effect of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced toxicity in mice. Twenty-eight Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups and were studied for 32 weeks. Azoxymethane (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally twice (0th and 14th days), and probiotic GS4 (1.1 × 10(9) colony-forming unit/mL) was given orally for the respective groups. Mice who served as the normal control received only normal saline. GS4-intervened AOM-induced mice showed marked improvement at the histopathologic level, in the liver and kidney. Moreover, probiotic GS4 intervention in AOM-induced mice exhibited a significant reduction in the liver function biomarker when compared with the AOM-induced mice. Probiotic GS4 intervention reduced the intestinal structural deformities as evident from the elevated brush border membrane-associated disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities, which were found disrupted by AOM intoxication. Fecal bacterial load was found to be reduced in AOM-induced mice which were subsequently replenished by the probiotic GS4 intervention as apparent from the enhanced fecal bacterial load. There were no adverse effects observed in the probiotic control group. Conclusively, novel probiotic strain GS4 exhibited safe and beneficial effects against the toxicity threats posed by AOM. Thus, GS4 could be considered as a potential food supplement/additive for therapeutic purposes in gastrointestinal disorders related to inflammation and cancer.

Nutrition Research

Probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus strain GS4 alleviates azoxymethane-induced toxicity in mice

Probiotics with ability to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is considered as an additive health benefit property for its known role in colon cancer mitigation. The conversion involves the biohydrogenation of the unsaturated fatty acid into conjugated form. Probiotic strain Pediococcus spp. GS4 was efficiently able to biohydrogenate linoleic acid (LA) into its conjugated form within 48 h of incubation. Quantum of CLA produced with a concentration of 121 μg/ml and sustained cell viability of 8.94 log cfu/ml maximally. Moreover, antibacterial effect of LA on the strain ability for biohydrogenation was examined at different concentrations and concluded to have a direct relationship between LA and amount of CLA produced. The efficiency of the strain for CLA production at different pH was also estimated and found maximum at pH 6.0 with 149 μg/ml while this ability was reduced at pH 9.0 to 63 μg/ml. Sesame oil, which is rich in the triacylglycerol form of LA, was also found to act as a substrate for CLA production by Pediococcus spp. GS4 with the aid of lipase-catalyzed triacylglycerol hydrolysis and amount of CLA produced was 31 μg/ml at 0.2 % while 150 μg/ml at 1.0 % of lipolysed oil in skim milk medium. Conjugated form was analyzed using UV scanning, RP-HPLC, and GC-MS. This study also focused on the alternative use of lipolysed sesame oil instead of costly LA for biohydrogenation and could be a potential source for the industrial production of CLA.

Journal	Data powered by TypesetTherapeutic, Probiotic, and Unconventional Foods
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetElsevier
Open Access	No