Fair allocation of transmission loss is a challenging task for power engineers in deregulated electricity market. One of the key roles of Independent System Operator (ISO) is to provide the details of transmission loss in real time and to allocate the associated cost to the involved parties. For effective and reliable operation of power system, compensation of real and reactive power loss in real time is essential. For a bilateral contract, a generator and a load is involved in the transmission loss allocation process. This paper presents a simple, novel and a fair method to allocate real power loss due to bilateral contracts. The total cost for supply of loss is allocated to the generators and loads based on loss factors. Two loss factors are computed namely generator loss factor for generators and load loss factor for loads. Loss factors are computed from the AC load flow. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 30 bus system and a comparison is made with the other existing methods like proportional sharing, Zbusand modified Zbus. MATLAB R2014a is used for all simulations. © 2016 IEEE.

Prabhakar Karthikeyan S

Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Electrical Engineering

Vellore Campus

Shafeeque Ahmed K

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Proportional generation and proportional load based approach for transmission loss/cost allocation in deregulated electricity market

2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON)

Transmission loss/cost allocation to the individual buses in a fair way is an essential issue in restructured electricity market. This paper splits active power transmission loss into two components namely real and reactive loss component. The real and reactive loss components are due to the real power transaction from the generator to the load and reactive power demand of the load respectively. The active power loss changes due to the reactive power loads and this increase in loss are allocated to the relevant loads based on load sensitivity factor (LSF). The loss allocation using LSF is a valid approach as it is derived from solved load flow solution. The cost allocation of real loss component to a transaction and reactive loss component to loads is based on the loss contribution fraction (LCF) and LSF respectively. The highlight of this paper is to allocate real loss component to the respective buses equally and to allocate the cost of reactive loss component to the respective loads in a fair way. This paper also presents a detailed discussion on impact of mathematical loss and comparison with four existing loss allocation methods. All the methods are discussed by considering with and without reactive power load. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated using a sample four bus and 30 bus IEEE system. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks

Modified penalized quoted cost method for transmission loss allocation including reactive power demand in deregulated electricity market

In deregulated electricity market, economic allocation of transmission loss to the generators and the loads in a fair way is a tremendous challenge for power engineers. This paper presents a methodology to price the real power loss due to bilateral contracts considering reactive power drawn by the loads. The real power loss is divided into two components namely transaction loss component and reactive power loss component. Transaction loss component is due to the bilateral contracts and reactive power loss component is due to the reactive power demand of the loads. Based on transaction loss factor and reactive power loss factor the total cost for real power loss is allocated to both generators and loads. Transaction loss factor depends on quantum of real power generation and load and hence cost of transaction loss component is shared among the generators and the loads equally. Reactive power loss factor depends on quantum of reactive power demand of the loads and hence cost of reactive power loss component is allocated to the loads. The results of the proposed approach in comparison with other loss allocation methods are presented using an IEEE 30 bus system. The simulation is carried out using MATLAB R2014a. © 2017 IEEE.

TENCON 2017 - 2017 IEEE Region 10 Conference

Proportional generation and proportional load based transmission loss allocation considering reactive power demand in restructured environment

Electricity deregulation has caused rapid changes in electricity market structure. Vertically integrated utility which performed all the functions including generation, transmission, distribution and retail services are now disaggregated into separate companies devoted to each function. The main goal of this deregulation is to enhance competition and provide new choices and economic benefits to the consumers. In a deregulated environment, determination of Market Clearing Price (MCP) is the main objective of a pool operator. Market Clearing Price is based on bids received from the generators as well as consumers. The Independent System Operator (ISO) finds out the Market Clearing Price based on these bids from generators and consumers. The calculation of market clearing price using conventional methods is not suitable for spot market as they are slow and less efficient. In this paper, optimum generation cost is determined using metaheuristic optimization techniques like firefly algorithm and particle swarm optimization and comparative analysis of optimum generation is also carried out using these techniques. Optimum location of DG is also determined in this work. Both fixed and variable demands are considered in this paper. IEEE standard 9 bus system is taken as the test system and the programming is carried out using MATLAB platform (R2014a). © 2017 IEEE.

Optimization of market clearing price using firefly and PSO algorithm in bilateral electricity market

Addressing loss due to transmission and its cost allocation in deregulated electricity market is an essential issue. Independent System Operator (ISO) provides the real power loss from the generators and the associated cost is allocated to the concerned parties in a fair way. The generators and loads participate in the loss/cost allocation process. The highlight of the paper is that the effect of mutual inductance (MI) that exists on transmission line in transmission loss/cost allocation process for bilateral contracts is illustrated. To demonstrate the effect of mutual inductance, the results of two existing loss allocation methods like penalized quoted cost (PQC) based approach and proportional generation and proportional load (PGPL) based approach are discussed. Effect of mutual inductance is presented using an IEEE 14 bus system. The simulation results are carried out using MATLAB R2014a. The result shows that mutual inductance has a significant impact on transmission loss and hence cannot be ignored. © 2017 IEEE.

2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)

Impact of transmission line mutual inductance on transmission loss/cost allocation in deregulated electricity market

Transmission losses are considered to be thekey factor of power generation to meet the load requirement. Deregulated electricity markets operate under bilateral market, pool market or hybrid market. In this competitive electricity market, Independent System Operator (ISO) should allocate transmission losses among the involved partners in a fair way. Transmission loss pricing should take into account the distance between the generator and the load. This paper presents a detail discussion and comparison of five recent and relevant loss allocation methods like penalized quoted cost (PQC), proportional generation and proportional load (PGPL), proportional sharing, Zbus and modified Zbus method. The significance of PQC and PGPL methods are highlighted with other methods. The results are presented for a sample 6 bus system and IEEE 14 bus system. The simulation results are obtained using MATLAB R2014a. © 2017 IEEE.

2017 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

Comparison of various transmission loss/cost allocation methods — A review

In the deregulated electricity market, it has become very important to determine the complete information about the participants who are utilizing the transmission network. Transmission line usage computation requires information of generator to load contributions and the path used by various generators to meet loads and losses. In the present restructured electricity market, it is necessary to develop appropriate pricing techniques that can provide the useful economic information to market participants. In this paper, the three existing techniques namely Zbus method, Zbusavg method and Relative Electrical Distance (RED) method for the network cost allocation is compared. It has been successfully applied on an IEEE 24 bus-Reliability Test System (RTS) and the results obtained are compared. The results obtained are quite encouraging and useful for the deregulated electricity market related issues. The simulation is carried out using MATLAB 7.8.0 (R 2009a). © 2013 IEEE.

2013 International Conference on Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC)

A comparative study on transmission network cost allocation methodologies

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems

Transmission Network Cost Allocation Based on Circuit Theory and the Aumann-Shapley Method

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Transmission cost allocation based on the modified Z-bus

Point-of-connection (POC) scheme of transmission pricing in decentralized markets charges the participants a single rate per MW depending on their point-of-connection. Use of grossly aggregated postage stamp rates as POC charges fails to provide appropriate price signals. The POC tariff based on distribution of network sunk costs by employing conventional tracing assures recovery of sunk costs based on extent of use of network by participants. However, the POC tariff by this method does not accommodate economically efficient price signals which correspond to marginal costs. On the other hand, the POC tariff, if made proportional to marginal costs alone, fails to account for sunk costs and extent of use of network. This paper overcomes these lacunae by combining the above stated desired objectives under the recently proposed optimal tracing framework. Since, real power tracing problem is amenable to multiple solutions, it is formulated as linearly constrained optimization problem. By employing this methodology, consideration of extent of network use and sunk cost recovery are guaranteed, while objective function is designed such that the spatial pattern of price signals closely follows the pattern of scaled locational marginal prices. The methodology is tested on IEEE 30 bus system, wherein average power flow pattern is established by running various simulation states on congested and un-congested network conditions. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Journal	Data powered by Typeset2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON)
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetIEEE
ISSN	21593442
Open Access	0