Carbon-based nanostructures such as quantum dots, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have been manifested to be useful materials for variety of applications. Especially for photocatalytic hydrogen production, the unique optical, electrical and morphological properties of these materials are highly favorable. Splitting water using solar energy to generate hydrogen gas is the most suitable method for sustainable energy production and it has attracted the whole world because of both economic and environmental benefits. Titania is one of the most common semiconductor photocatalyst due to its ready availability, inexpensiveness, chemical stability and facile photocatalytic activity under UV light. So far, several lab-scale experimental results have been reported with an aim to increase the quantity of hydrogen produced. This chapter is focused on recent progress in enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production from water by photocatalytic water splitting with TiO2 - carbon nanocomposites having different morphological structures. Emphasis is also given on the unique interface formed between TiO2 and carbon nanostructures. This chapter further highlights the latest findings on the effect of additives and operating parameters viz., sacrificial agents, catalyst dosage, pH, type of reactor etc., on hydrogen production from water. The perspectives on sustainable and economic production of hydrogen by water splitting using solar energy for large-scale applications are discussed at the end of the chapter. © 2019 Scrivener Publishing LLC.