During the ancient period, it was observed that the Romans had created very stunning and hard durable structures by incorporating lime and volcanic red hot stays which was discovered at Italy (Pozzuoli). To strengthen the structures many Researchers had done a study by using the several materials such as latex spheres, fly ash, and glass spheres and so on to improve the durability of the structure. It was identified that the strength of the building will mainly depend on the ITZ characteristic which is one of the factors. By considering Neyveli fly ash, the compressive as well as tensile strength of the concrete was determined by adopting 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The comparison was made by using SEM analysis and it was finally compared with the conventional concrete. From the results, researchers had found that 20% of Neyveli fly ash gave the better results with the help of SEM analysis by comparing it with the conventional concrete. It was observed that the cement - based materials was changed from micro level to the macro level. The various properties such as mechanical and chemical changes of the concrete were determined with the help of SEM as well as X - ray diffraction. In this paper, the works carried out by the various researchers on several materials were reviewed with the Portland cement. The pozzolanic reaction was found to be more due to the presence of 25% of fly ash and 75% of cement which reflects to the high iron content. With this review, the suggestion can be made for improving the durability and also to strengthen the structure by incorporating partially with these various materials such as fly ash, glass beads, and glass spheres and so on in the concrete.