Aim: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder with multi-factorial factors influencing disease alleviation in synovial joints. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-arthritic efficacy of trikatu, a herbal compound, on biochemical and immunological complications in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Methods: Arthritis was induced in rats by a single intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (0.1 mL) into the foot pad of the right hind paw. Trikatu (1000 mg/kg body weight, oral) and indomethacin (3 mg/kg body weight, intrap intraperitoneal) were administered for 8 days from days 11 to 18 after adjuvant injection. Results: Our present study results evidenced a significant alteration in the activities/levels of lysosomal enzymes, protein bound carbohydrates, bone collagen, urinary constituents like hydroxyproline and total glycosaminoglycans, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, lipid profiles, rheumatoid factor and inflammatory mediators in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Trikatu treatment (1000 mg/kg/body weight) reverted back all the above biochemical and immunological parameters to near normal levels in arthritic rats as evidenced by the radiological and histopathological assessements. Conclusion: These results suggest that trikatu could be a promising alternative drug for the control and management of rheumatoid arthritis. © 2014 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd

Rasool M

Department of Bio-Sciences

School of Bio Sciences and Technology

Vellore Campus

Murunikkara V

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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Trikatu, a herbal compound mitigates the biochemical and immunological complications in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats.

International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases

Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases

Herbal Formulations and Their Bioactive Components as Dietary Supplements for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis

The present study was designed to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of trikatu, an herbal compound and its underlying molecular mechanism in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Our results indicate that trikatu (1000 mg/kg/b.wt. oral) administration suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1) and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, MCP-1, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) and transcription factors (nuclear factor kappa B 65 (NFкB-p65) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)) in cultured AIA-fibroblast like synoviocytes and synovial tissue of AIA rats. Consistently, the protein expression of NFкB-p65, IL-17, TNF-α, COX-2, and RANKL was also dramatically reduced in cultured AIA-fibroblast like synoviocytes and synovial tissue of AIA rats by trikatu treatment. In addition, trikatu suppressed the expression and phosphorylation of NFкB-p65 similar to the Bay 11–7082 (NFкB inhibitor) in cultured AIA-fibroblast like synoviocytes. Furthermore, trikatu alleviated the histopathology of joint of arthritic rats. Overall, these data highlights that trikatu could be a promising alternative modality for the possible treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd

Chemico-Biological Interactions

Trikatu, an herbal compound ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by the suppression of inflammatory immune responses in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis and on cultured fibroblast like synoviocytes via the inhibition of the NFκB signaling pathway

In the present study, trikatu, an herbal compound was evaluated for its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties with reference to cell mediated immune responses (delayed type hypersensitivity reaction), humoral immune response (haemagglutination titer and plaque forming assay), macrophage phagocytic index, circulating immune complex and inflammatory mediators in rats. For comparison purposes, indomethacin was used as a reference drug for anti-inflammatory studies. The results obtained in our study showed a significant decrease in cell mediated immune responses, humoral immune responses (haemagglutination titre and plaque forming assay) and macrophage phagocytic index in trikatu treated rats (1000. mg/kg/b.wt.) compared to control animals implying its immunosuppressive property. In addition, significant anti-inflammatory effects were observed in trikatu treated adjuvant induced arthritic rats by a reduction in the levels of circulating immune complexes and inflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha and Interleukin-1beta). Thus, in conclusion, our data suggest that trikatu could be considered as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for treating autoimmune inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis with immunosuppressive property. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Cellular Immunology

Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis – An experimental study

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of p-Coumaric acid, a common dietary phenol, on monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in rats-an experimental model for acute gouty arthritis.Paw edema, levels/activities of lysosomal enzymes, lipid peroxidation, enzymic antioxidants and a histopathological examination of ankle joints were evaluated in control and monosodium urate crystal-induced inflamed rats. Further, an acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion test were employed to screen for analgesic effects, yeast-induced pyrexia was used to test for antipyretic effects, and gastric ulceration was used to evaluate ulcerogenic effects.A significant increase in paw edema, lysosomal enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation levels was observed in monosodium urate crystal-induced rats, whereas activities of enzymic antioxidants were found to be decreased when compared to control rats. Nevertheless, treatment with p-Coumaric acid (100 mg/kg b.wt) significantly reverted the altered physical and biochemical parameters back to near normal levels, as evidenced by the histopathology of the ankle joints. In addition, p-Coumaric acid also exhibited potent analgesic and antipyretic effects devoid of any adverse impact on gastric mucosa.The results of this study reveal the potential anti-inflammatory effect of p-Coumaric acid against monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in rats.

Inflammation Research

Dietary component p-coumaric acid suppresses monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in rats

The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of piperine against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, an experimental model for rheumatoid arthritis and compared it with that of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. Administration of heatkilled Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0. 1 ml) intradermally into the right hind paw of rats resulted in increased paw volume, lysosomal enzymes, glycoproteins and tissue marker enzymes and decreased body weight. However, these changes were reverted to near normal levels upon piperine (30 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) treatment. Histopathological analysis of joints also revealed that synovial hyperplasia and mononuclear infiltration observed in arthritic rats were alleviated by piperine. Thus, the present study clearly indicated that piperine possesses promising anti-inflammatory effect against adjuvant-induced arthritis by suppressing inflammation and cartilage destruction. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Inflammation

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Piperine in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats—a Biochemical Approach

Gout is a rheumatic disease that is manifestated by an intense inflammation secondary to monosodium urate crystal deposition in joints. In the present study, we assessed the effect of 6-shogaol (isolated active principle from ginger) on monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in mice; an experimental model for gouty arthritis and compared it with that of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin. Paw volume and levels/activities of lysosomal enzymes, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant status and inflammatory mediator TNF-α were determined in control and monosodium urate crystal-induced mice. The levels of β-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase were also measured in monosodium urate crystal-incubated polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) in vitro. The levels of lysosomal enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory mediator tumour necrosis factor-α and paw volume were increased significantly and the activities of anti-oxidant status were in turn decreased in monosodium urate crystal-induced mice, whereas these changes were reverted to near normal levels upon 6-shogaol administration. In vitro, 6-shogaol reduced the level of β-glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase in monosodium urate crystal-incubated polymorphonuclear leucocytes in concentration dependent manner when compared to control cells. The present results clearly indicated that 6-shogaol exerted a strong anti-inflammatory effect and can be regarded as useful tool for the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Food and Chemical Toxicology

6-Shogaol inhibits monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation – An in vivo and in vitro study

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of Withania somnifera Linn.Dunal (family-Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha, on adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Results were compared with those for Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (0.1 mL) into the right hind paw of Wistar albino rats. Withania somnifera root powder (1000 mg/kg/day) and Indomethacin (3 mg/kg/day) were orally administered for 8 days (from 11th to 18th day) after adjuvant injection. The anti-arthritic effect of W. somnifera root powder was assessed by measuring changes in lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and glycoprotein levels in plasma and spleen of arthritic animals. In addition, cartilage degradation was also assessed by estimating bone collagen, and urinary constituents in arthritic animals. Results of the present investigation showed significant increase in the level of lipid peroxides, glycoproteins, and urinary constituents with the depletion of antioxidant status and bone collagen in arthritic animals. These biochemical alterations observed were ameliorated significantly by oral administration of W. somnifera root powder (1000 mg/kg body weight) in arthritic animals. The results of this study clearly indicate that W. somnifera root powder is capable of rectifying the above biochemical changes in adjuvant arthritis. © 2007 The Authors.

Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology

Protective effect of Withania somnifera root powder in relation to lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, glycoproteins and bone collagen on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

Journal	Data powered by TypesetInternational Journal of Rheumatic Diseases
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetWiley
ISSN	1756-1841
Open Access	0