Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Objective: In the present study, silver (Ag) nanoparticles was synthesized by traditionally used medicinal plant Acalypha indica, which was characterized using various advanced tools, and its antioxidant as well as antimicrobial properties, was studied against food pathogens.Methods: The synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles from the leaf extracts were monitored with the characterization of silver nanoparticles with the help of UV-visible spectrophotometer. The optimized time for the synthesis of nanoparticles was 3 h, followed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface emission microscopy analysis (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDX). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assay, while antifungal activity was performed against food pathogens by measuring the zone of inhibition values (ZOI).Results: The Ag nanoparticle produced, have an average particle size of 34 nm with a spherical shape, analyzed from the XRD studies, and size was confirmed with the SEM and TEM analysis. The FTIR analysis gave information about the possible compounds adsorbed on the surface of the Ag nanoparticles. The Ag nanoparticles had good reducing power than the standard and the IC50 value for Ag nanoparticles was 5 mg/ml, while the standard taken had an IC50 value of nearly 6-7 mg/ml. The fungal strain A. fumigates showed ZOI of 133% at 75 µl of concentration proving that Ag nanoparticles can act effectively against this strain when compared to other strains even at low concentrations.Conclusion: The produced Ag nanoparticles can be used for its therapeutic purposes and for large-scale synthesis in food industries for food preservation or packaging.

VIT Unitversity

Department of Biotechnology

School of Bio Sciences and Technology

Vellore Campus

Fulltext

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING MEDICINAL PLANT ACALYPHA INDICA LEAF EXTRACTS AND ITS APPLICATION AS AN ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT AGAINST FOODBORNE PATHOGENS

Nanotechnology is the formation, running and use of operation at the nanomaterial size scale (1–100 nm). Nanoscale materials can also be obtained by biological synthesis materials via eco-friendly green chemistry based technique. Current development and numerous strategies involved in the green synthesis of nanoparticles were focussed. This review mainly focused on plants which include scientific name, family name, common name, plant parts, its characterization, size and shape of the nanoparticles. Plant extract which was done experimentally gives its various characterization which leads to the identification of compounds of different nano size and shape. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles is in different shapes like spherical, rod, cubic, triangle and also in different sizes. Various application and importance of gold nanoparticles in numerous fields were discussed. The mark of the review is to provide an overview of recent learning in biosynthesized nanoparticles, its characterization and their potential applications. © 2017

Department of Communication Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

Phyto-assisted synthesis, characterization and applications of gold nanoparticles – A review

Objectives: The aim of this study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles using the algal extract of Padina tetrastromatica and evaluate its antifungal activity against pathogenic fungus isolated from clinical samples.Results: Formation of brown color at 15 minutes indicates the production of silver nanoparticles by the extract of brown algae P. tetrastromatica. Surface plasmon resonance band was centered at 440 nm which was observed by UV-vis spectrophotometer. SEM image revealed spherical and cubical nanoparticles with high agglomeration, and energy-dispersive X-ray illustrates elemental components of silver formed at 3 keV. TEM shows spherical, truncated, and ellipsoidal nanoparticles and also it evidences the algae compounds that are capped with nanoparticles. SAED pattern proved four diffraction face-centered cubic rings at (111), (200), (220), and (311) which indicates the crystalline nature of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles show high inhibition activity against Fusarium sp, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus flavus at different concentrations. P. tetrastromatica-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles shows rapid and eco-friendly silver ion reduction process.Methods: Dried algal biomass was used to prepare the pure algal extract and added with 1 mM AgNO , and the color change was noted and recorded by ultraviolet (UV)-vis spectrophotometer. The morphological characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Crystalline structure was analyzed by SAED pattern. Antifungal activity was performed by agar well diffusion method against various pathogenic fungi.Conclusion: Therefore, this present study elucidates that algae-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles have antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi, so it can be developed as a novel medicine for human welfare in biomedical applications in the near future.Keywords: Padina tetrastromatica, Silver nanoparticles, Transmission electron microscopy, Antifungal activity, Green synthesis.

World University root node

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MARINE BROWN SEAWEED AND ITS ANTIFUNGAL EFFICIENCY AGAINST CLINICAL FUNGAL PATHOGENS

India has a very rich diversity and plantkingdom is certainly a treasure house of diverse natural products. One such product from nature is the dye. In this study, natural colorants mainly flavonoids and carotenoids present in the Marigold flower (TageteserectaL.) were extracted using Soxhlet extraction method and other conventional techniques under different operating conditions. Spectrophotometric method based on the Aluminium complex formation was used for the determination of total flavonoids concentration in the extracts of different solvents used. The dye potential of the colorants obtained from the marigold was evaluated by coloring pure cotton fabrics and the yarns of pure cotton and wool. Various metal salts were used as mordants to set extracted dye on the fabrics and yarns. Study about fastness tests of dyed clothes was undertaken. The color shade differences, L*, a*, b*, ΔE values and K/S values were estimated using CCM software (GretagMacbath 7000 A ° spectrophotometer). The maximum strength of the dye was found in the Ethanol-Water mixture (70:30 v/v) as a solvent. The surface color of the dyed fabrics and yarns was not affected by washing. The different color shades were obtained for various mordants used. Most of the mordants showed higher K/S value due to their ability to form coordination complexes. Good light fastness, wash fastness and rubbing fastness were observed in case of fabrics mordanted with ferrous sulphate. The relative colour strength of the dye was found to be more in case of cotton clothes mordanted with ferrous sulphate. These findings reveal that Tageteserecta L. can serve as a potential source of natural colorant which can be used in textile industry for dyeing purpose.A GC-MS analysis was done to identify the compounds present in the dye extract.

Department of Bio-Medical Sciences

Der Pharmacia Lettre

Extraction of natural dye from marigold flower (Tageteserectal.) and dyeing of fabric and yarns: A focus on colorimetric analysis and fastness properties

Objective: The main aim of the study was to screen, optimize and partial purification of protease from fungi. The isolated fungi were screened for protease activity on a modified SDA plate and subjected to media optimization. Comparative study of free and immobilized cells was done. Methods: A partial sequencing of the fungi was done. The process parameters were examined by the classical method and Plackett Burman method, including carbon, nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, agitation and inoculum size were optimized. The enzyme was subjected to step by step purification process by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Results: The total protein concentration was determined and the specific activity was also performed by casein hydrolysis assay. The Plackett-Burman method shows fructose, peptone pH are significant factors for optimized protease production. Immobilized cell shows reduction in protease production. In optimum conditions the protease produced was 4758.4U/mg. Protease was partially purified at 60% ammonium sulfate saturation. Conclusion: Trichosporon japonicum VITVK1 estimated as a strong candidate for the production of Protease. © 2015, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Screening, Media optimization and partial purification of protease by Trichosporon japonicum VITVK1

Pisum sativum is a common fruit which can be consumed in raw form as well as cooked or frozen form. The health concern of humankind is increasing day by day and this leads to the necessity of discovering novel and healthy methods to keep one disease free. This research shows the various compounds present in pea pod as well as pea grain. The presence of bioactive compounds in pea pod is equal to that present in pea cotyledon which indicates that pea pod can also be consumed. Chromatography technique was carried out in the analysis of Pisum sativum. The results demonstrate that pea pod and pea cotyledon contain almost equal amounts of antioxidants, indicating that pea pods can also be consumed.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Pisum sativum (pod and grain) and detection of its bioactive compounds by GCMS analysis

Skin and soft tissue infections are one of the most common social problems in human community. Herbal medication is one of the best ways to treat such infections with least side effect. The main drawback of any topical ointment is poor penetration due to the barrier action of stratum corneum of the skin. To address such a problem we worked on formulation of nano-encapsulated antimicrobial ointment from herbal plants Plectranthus amboinicus and Hemigraphis colorata. These plants have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Antimicrobial properties are for gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and many fungal species. Anti-inflammatory properties are responsible for faster wound healing and anti-oxidant properties for scavenging free radicals from skin. It was found that SLN synthesized from 1:25 and 1:30 ratio were in optimal nano-range i.e. for 1: 30 - 77.63 nm and 1:25 - 48.51 nm. Combination of leaf extracts of both the plants were yielding a broad spectrum ointment and nano-encapsulation by formation of SLN will further enhance the penetration of drug into the system leading to efficient delivery with minimum side effects. Four different formulations were prepared and the consistency was found to be more in case of the formulation 4 with maximum preservative of 300 g for 2 ml of the plant extract. This work can serve as an effective new way for synthesis of ointments using Nanotechnology and combinations of compounds from herbal source in pharmaceutical industry and solve the problem associated with presently available ointments.

Formulation of nano-encapsulated poly-herbal ointment for antiinflammation

RV.F1.90, a potent lignin degrading fungi was characterized in detail with respect tomicroscopic morphology, growth curve, optimization of growth parameters including degradation and color reduction in media containing varying concentration of paper kraft liquor and pure commercial lignin. The kraft effluent prepared in the laboratory was characterized with respect to pH, solids, BOD, COD, color, phenolics, lignins and tannins. Influence of parameters such as the concentration of lignins in kraft effluent pure commercial lignin, pH, temperature, aeration, static vs. shaking, carbon source, nitrogen source (organic and inorganic) and in oculum concentration on break down of lignins and poly phenols, biomass and color reduction was studied. The growth of RV.F1 was very rapid with sharp fall in pH within 18 to 20 hours. Color reduction was proportional to the decrease in concentration of kraft liquor and commercial lignin. Shaking and high temperature had an adverse effect on deco lorization and build up of biomass while static incubation showed 94% color removal and biomass of 11.3 g/l. Glucose and peptone increased the rate of growth of organism and utilization of lignin significantly. The biodegradation and color removal was rapid and closely associated with primary metabolism of the fungal culture.

Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Preliminary characterization of RV.F1.90 a fungus with respect to biodegradation and color removal from wood Kraft effluent

A newly isolated alkalophilic, thermophilic Bacillus RV.B2.90 was characterized and tested for the production of extracellular protease in 50 - 300 ml shake flask experiments. The strain was identified as Bacillus cereus by biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing. Maximum amount of enzyme produced in basal medium at exponential phase was 1284 U/ml. The optimized medium could increase enzyme production by 30% to 4189 U/ml. Growth and enzyme production occurred in media at all initial pH ranging from 7.0 - 12.0, the maximum enzyme production occurred in the medium with initial pH 8.0. The pH increased with growth. Depending on the starting pH 7.0 - 12.0 the duration of incubation required for change of pH to 9.0-10.0 varied markedly 40 - 12 hrs. This phase coincided with maximal protease production at each pH. Production of enzyme increased significantly with temperature of incubation from 37-70°C, with 1284 U/ml at 37°C and 1984 U/ml at 70°C. At 90°C the growth and enzyme production showed a steep decline to 400 U/ml. With respect to other growth parameters, the optimum agitation speed was 50 rpm, the best carbon sources were xylose and arabinose that enhanced enzyme production to 4189 U/ml and 4016 U/ml, the best nitrogen source were casein and malt extract showing 3946 U/ml and 3182 U/ml. Inorganic nitrogen sources did not have significant effect on enzyme production. Sodium chloride at 4% (w/v) was found to be optimum for enzyme production. Among the 5 amino acids added to the medium, histidine increased enzyme production to 1853 U/ml (about 30%). Among the salts added to the medium K +, Mg 2+ and Ca2+ were found to increase the enzyme production. The isolate was found to be highly alkalophilic, thermophilic, thermo stable and moderately halophilic protease producing organism.