Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

School of Civil Engineering

Crossing over has been the key component in the advancement of the street framework. Although analysts have given numerous important scientific commitments with respect to the comprehension and displaying of passerby prompted vibrations of footbridges, there is yet a need to figure out what genuine upgrades have been accomplished in structure techniques. The extension and scope of arrangement have relied upon the viable misuse of the most efficient materials accessible. This paper introduces the structure and investigation of the bridge using STAAD.Pro software. This article gives a basic diagram of the procedures proposed in the design of steel arch bridge. Focus is set on the improvement of passerby load, the structure rules and vibration countermeasures. Pedestrian vibration using different codes is also done to do a comparative study of vibrations obtained. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

World University root node

Department of Structural and Geotechical Engineering

Vellore Campus

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Comparative Study of Pedestrian Vibration for Design of Steel Arch Bridge

Multi-storeyed buildings are popping up more and more in India due to its ever-growing need for accommodation as opposed to its subsequent lack of land area. It is a known fact that as the height of the structure increases, lateral loads become a crucial part of the design. Shear walls are among one of the most common, cheap and effective methods by which lateral loads are resisted. In this paper, a study is made on multi-storeyed buildings of a symmetric plan with shear walls provided at multiple locations across the plan. The total length and thickness of walls were kept constant throughout all cases. Straight walls and L-shaped R.C.C. walls were made use of. Linear static, linear dynamic and non-linear static analyses were performed. Comparisons were made based on roof-level displacement, drift, stiffness of structure and ductility to find the best-performing configuration. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Lateral Load Analyses of Multi-storeyed Frames with and Without Shear Walls

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is widely used for the construction of large-scale buildings due to its high workability and self-compacting characteristics. But all SCC mix, not only shows a reduction in strength at elevated temperatures, but also has the risk of spalling. Materials such as Perlite Powder (PP) as a partial replacement of cement and Silica Fume (SF) and / or Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) were used as additives to overcome these shortcomings. The quantity of Perlite Powder (PP) was varied as 2%, 4%, and 6% and the SCC mix was prepared using a carboxylate-based super plasticizer. They were tested at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 6000 C (i.e., 270, 2000, 4000, and 6000 C). The present study aims to find the optimum dosage of PP that offers maximum resistance under elevated temperatures. The samples with the optimum dosage of PP were then subjected to X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) test for phase identification and microstructural characterization respectively. Modulus of elasticity was done for the SCC with the optimum dosage of 4% PP replacement. The durability tests such as the water absorption and porosity tests were performed to assess its durability. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Materials Today: Proceedings

Mechanical and micro-structural properties of perlite powder incorporated SCC

The present study investigated the distribution, sources, bioavailable fractions, and ecological risks of nine metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in water, sediment, and vegetation samples collected from a shallow lake within the industrial town of Ranipet, India. The lake water samples exceeded the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb beyond BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) limits for drinking water with Cr to be highest as 6.73 mg/L. The Geo-accumulation index for lake bed sediment samples were in the order of Cr>Cu>Co>Mn>Zn>Pb. The bioavailability of the metals in sediment samples determined through Sequential Extraction Procedure (SEP) showed Cr>Co>Zn>Cu>Pb>Mn>Fe>Al. The sediment samples collected from the root zone of different plant species (Cynodon dactylon, Sida acuta, and Eclipta prostrata) exhibited varied bioavailable fractions than lake bed sediments, which indicated the influence of plants in mobilising and fixing the metals. The plant samples had metals concentration in the order of Root>Stem>Leaves and showed the possibility of phytoremediation. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson Correlation Matrix (PCM) in the lake bed sediment samples identified the clustering of Al and Fe which indicated probable lithological origin. The lone clustering of Cr from Co, Mn, and Cu indicated separate anthropogenic sources. Further Al, Fe, and Mn showed strong correlations with TOC (Total Organic Carbon) substantiate their distribution under influence of TOC. The study indicated elevated metals pollution is water, sediment, and plants samples from lake area which require immediate attention from all the stakeholders. The assessment of pollution in small and shallow lakes amidst industrial belts need to be prioritised as they often become victims of industrial encroachment and cease to exist in long run. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry

Assessment of metals pollution and subsequent ecological risk in water, sediments and vegetation from a shallow lake: a case study from Ranipet industrial town, Tamil Nadu, India

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are capable of producing bioelectricity using bacteria as catalysts that break down the organic matter present in wastewater (WW). The present work demonstrates the synergistic effect of Luffa aegyptiaca (LA) combined with graphite plate as anode material on voltage generation as well as pollution removal as chemical oxygen demand (COD). Three different feed combinations of WW and Reverse Osmosis (RO) concentrate that is - Experiment-1 (75:25), Experiment-2 (50:50), and Experiment-3 (25:75) have been considered and their performances are compared with the system without LA in the anode. The result shows that low organic loading rate (OLR) and more RO concentration in feed inlet led to more voltage and normalized energy recovery (NER) that is – 530 mV and 19.51 Whkg−1 COD−1, respectively. © 2020 American Institute of Chemical Engineers

Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy

Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell with sewage wastewater and RO concentrate using composite anode made of Luffa aegyptiaca

This study presents the enhanced performance characteristics of Portland Pozzolana Fly ash-based cement composites (PPC) reinforced by Graphene Oxide (GO) a super Nano-material. In this study, GO was reinforced at 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%, and 0.1% by weight of cement to PPC to investigate the effects of GO addition and to check their performance enhancement. Characterization techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Differential Thermogravimetric (DTG) studies were investigated to check the properties of synthesized GO and 28 days of hydrated cement composites. Compared to the 28 days hydrated reference mix, 0.04% GO dosage enhanced 40.41% compressive strength in PPC composites. GO enhanced microstructural characteristics by forming rod-like and needle-like structures confirmed through SEM. The O-containing functional groups detected through FTIR in hydrated cement mortar showed GO reactivity in regulating CaCO3 precipitation at optimum dosage. Phase identification by XRD peaks showed intensities of calcite crystals which showed GO reinforcement can regulate the microstructure of PPC composites. Rich Calcium Hydrate (CH) content and bound water contents were achieved by the addition of GO at optimum dosages in PPC composites confirmed through TGA, and DTG curves. This investigation helps the addition of GO as a nano-reinforcing material which improves the overall performance of Portland cement composites. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd

Journal of Building Engineering

Enhanced Strength, Microstructure, and Thermal properties of Portland Pozzolana Fly ash-based cement composites by reinforcing Graphene Oxide nanosheets

The development of Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was initiated in Japan in late 1980. SCC is understood for its self-consolidation and flows through narrow spaces in the formwork and does not require external vibration which has enhanced its acknowledgment over normal concrete, thus increasing the interest of researchers to focus on this building and construction material. A lot of research on SCC has been done in Japan, Turkey, Iran, United Kingdom, Algeria, Thailand, Malaysia, and India. Common industrial materials such as Limestone Powder (LP), Metakaolin (MK), Fly Ash (FA), Silica Fume (SF) and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) have been used to increase the efficiency of SCC. There are also numerous options on recycle materials which can be utilized for the development of SCC. This paper focusses on the use of pozzolanic material like Metakaolin (MK) as a mineral admixture and non-pozzolanic material like Waste Marble Powder (WMP) as a filler material. Both types of materials have a positive effect on the fresh, hardened and durability state of SCC. The use of MK plays an important role in decreasing the environmental pollution by way of lesser carbon dioxide emissions. The use of WMP reduces the segregation, bleeding and cost of production of SCC. Therefore, this paper containing the valuable and significant information can provide a platform for the new researchers for future investigations on SCC. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study on influence of Metakaolin and waste marble powder on self-compacting concrete - A state of the art review

Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of propagation of cracks in materials and recognizes the role of cracks in the performance of structures leading to damage tolerant design approach. Cracks or crack like defects is observed in many structures which may lead to their catastrophic failure under a tensile stress field. In this paper, the structural integrity of plates with surface and embedded cracks is investigated using ABAQUS FEA code and the fracture parameter—stress intensity factor (SIF)—is evaluated. Convergence study is conducted to arrive at the optimum mesh parameters using both the conventional finite element method and the extended finite element method (XFEM). The FE model is validated by comparing FE results with published numerical solutions. The effect of varying crack depth and location on SIF is studied. The FE results matched well with the closed-form solutions and experimental results. It is observed that the crack depth and its location have significant influence on SIF. The conventional finite element method requires a mesh that conforms to the crack geometry, typically with a very detailed, focused mesh at the crack tip. The crack front must be defined explicitly and must specify the virtual crack extension direction in addition to matching the mesh to the cracked geometry. XFEM gives better result for cylindrical shells without mesh refinement around crack tip. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Innovative Infrastructure Solutions

Fracture analysis of plates and shells using FEM and XFEM

Analysing the changes in various landuses during the past, identifying the direction and type of urban sprawl, modelling its causative factors and predicting the future sprawl are some of the key areas which urban planners are generally interested in as they help them to properly plan cities in a more efficient way. In the present study, an attempt has been made to address these key areas using open-source geospatial data for the city of Vellore in India which has experienced significant urban growth in recent decades. Landuse maps were prepared using aerial photos, topographic maps and satellite images for the period 1967–2019 and using that a comprehensive urban sprawl analysis was carried out. The results indicated that the major highways that pass-through Vellore have strong influence on urban development as ribbon type of sprawl was witnessed along the principal transportation corridors. This has been confirmed while modelling of causative factors that when distance from highway increases, built-up density decreases. Similarly, the location of central business district (CBD) found to play a crucial role in urban growth as built-up density decreases when distance from CBD increases. Regression models were built to calculate the built-up density at any distance from city centre or major roads in space–time domain. The present study also developed models based on Seasonal ARIMA to forecast the future built-up density for the year 2045 using the built-up densities of 1967, 1991 and 2019. The results showed that more development is expected on suburban areas as those are the places where one can expect development to take place when compared to the interior zones which were already developed much during the past years. The methodology reported in this paper is well applicable for any city or town to analyse the landuse changes, model the causative factors and predict its future sprawl using completely the open-source data. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.