Electronics

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

School of Electronics Engineering

Research states that at least 2.2 billion people have a vision impairment or blindness all over the world. There are many reasons for blindness and few of them are leading causes such as cataract, macular degeneration due to age factor, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, corneal opacity, trachoma. In all of them, glaucoma is one of the main causes of blindness. Glaucoma is asymptomatic and non-reversible vision loss disease. This paper presents a method of early detection of glaucoma using deep Neural Network (NN) from the retinal images. In different retinal imaging modalities, fundus images are widely accepted. In deep learning, Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is used for feature extraction from the fundus image, and fully connected feed forward NN (FFNN) is used to find out the level of glaucoma. Typical image processing algorithms are used for feature extraction from fundus images and classified with FFNN. The accuracy is compared among different architectures. The TensorFlow software tool and python language are used for this research. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

World University root node

Chennai Campus

Fulltext

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

Anomaly detection of fundus images

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a deficit of social relationships, interaction, sense of imagination, and constrained interests. Early diagnosis of ASD will aid in devising appropriate training procedures and placing those children in the normal stream. The objective of this research is to analyze the brain response for auditory/visual stimuli in Typically Developing (TD) and children with autism through electroencephalography (EEG). Brain dynamics in the EEG signal can be analyzed well with the help of nonlinear feature primitives. Recent research reveals that, application of fractal-based techniques proves to be effective to estimate of degree of nonlinearity in a signal. This research attempts to analyze the effect of brain dynamics with Higuchi Fractal Dimension (HFD). Also, the performance of the fractal based techniques depends on the selection of proper hyper-parameters involved in it. One of the key parameters involved in computation of HFD is the time interval parameter 'k'. Most of the researches arbitrarily fixes the value of 'k' in the range of all channels. This research proposes an algorithm to estimate the optimal value of the time parameter for each channel. Sub-band analysis was also carried out for the responding channels. Statistical analysis on the experimental reveals that a difference of 30% was observed between autistic and Typically Developing children. © 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2020.

Biomedizinische Technik

Investigating electroencephalography signals of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using Higuchi Fractal Dimension

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the design of routing protocols focuses mainly on the energy efficiency based on the application of the network. Over the past years, researchers developed many solutions to protract the life expectancy of the network by reducing the consumption of energy by each node. One of the main approaches is the usage of sink in mobility; this reduces the hotspot problem and energy consumption. Aiming at this problem, the paper proposes a new routing algorithm which supports the sink mobility with energy aware tree-based sink relocation routing protocol (TBSR) using adaptive fuzzy decision-making approach (AF-MADM). In TBSR, a self -organized routing tree is formed, which reduces the consumption of energy. In the beginning, the clustering process is employed using fuzzy possibilistic C-means (FPCM) algorithm. Further, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) with multiplicative exponential weighting model is developed for optimal decision making to select the root node. Then the selected root node creates a routing tree based on the distance and energy of the sensor nodes. Then each node uses its cluster information and the distance of the neighbors to select the parent node. For relocating the sink node, the proposed protocol calculates the energy along with hop count and path capacity. These methods make TBSR an energetic and analogous protocol. Results show that the proposed TBSR improves on the energy consumption and the lifetime of the network compared with existing protocols. The simulation is carried out in OMNET++ platform. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

International Journal of Communication Systems

Energy aware tree-based sink relocation routing protocol to improve the lifetime of wireless sensor networks

Verification today acts as a constriction of any complex VLSI design. Bringing out improved verification efficiency is a must. Most of the computers and microcontrollers contain a number of serial data ports. These data ports are used to connect with devices such as keyboards and printers which are basically serial input and output devices. Transmission and reception of serial data from an isolated location can be done with the help of a modem connected to the serial port. UART- Universal Asynchronous Receiver and transmitter is a hardware device which facilitates serial transmission and reception of data. In this work presented here, the UART has been designed with the use of the industry standard Verilog HDL code and the verification of the protocol has been done using system Verilog code in UVM environment. The UVM based verification methodology can significantly reduce the time needed for verification. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

Universal verification methodology based verification of UART protocol

The objective of the work scheduled is to design an area-efficient filter bank in a digital hearing aid by making use of Verilog HDL for functional verification, Synthesis & Physical Design in Cadence- Genus & Innovus respectively using ASIC design flow. Hypoacusis is a medical term which is well referred to as hearing impairment is a total or partial incompetence to hear. Around 466 million people live with Hypoacusis worldwide this is over 5% of the world's populace. Hearing Aid is an Acoustoelectric Transducer which selectively enhances signal to ear to reimburse hearing loss. As technology is advancing day by day digital hearing aids are more adaptive, small and lightweight. The main block of the hearing aid is a filter bank which performs sound decomposition. To design a filter bank, it requires a precise intelligence of distinct digital signal processing approaches used in hearing aids among them the most important is to design a filter in which FIR, IIR, IFIR are crucial, which extracts signal within frequency bands. The proposed design area is minimized by 70.53%. thereby the size of the device is drastically reduced. The proposed design has an added advantage of lower power and delay. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

Design of area efficient filter bank for digital hearing aids

In this paper the flow characteristic of laminar flow through planar diffuser was studied for different flow regime and its geometry, including angle, length and width were optimized. The diffuser shows flow recirculation and its efficiency is negative for diffuser angle larger than 30°. The analytical modelling of the micropump is solved by sectioning it as two separate units, an actuator unit and a flow unit. The actuator unit is a circular plate made of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) filler in polyvinyldene fluoride (PVDF) matrix composite material. The deflection of the actuator unit for bilaminar plate is analytically solved using theory of bending plates. The deflection profile of the actuator for the applied voltage is used to determine the stroke volume. The stroke volume from the actuator unit is used to solve the flow rate of the micropump analytically in the flow unit using mass balance equation. The flow rate of the micropump is numerically simulated in 3D for varying geometric and electrical parameters. The results obtained were compared and the numerical procedure was found to have less percentage error in the actuator deflection and flow rate up to a chamber depth of 250 µm. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies

Analytical modelling and numerical simulation of 0–3 PZT/PVDF composite actuated micropump

Biomedical catheters are thin hollow tubes inserted into the human body to accurately measure various physiological parameters during invasive surgical procedures and diagnostic methods. Sensors realized using micro-/nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) technology are integrated with catheters to measure blood pressures, flows, pH-and glucose levels, and temperature. Of these physiological parameters, pressure sensing is of significant importance in identifying and treating various biomedical conditions. Piezoresistive technique is a widely investigated and preferred sensing mechanism to realize miniature sensors for its numerous advantages. In this paper, we critically review biomedical catheters as well as miniature piezoresistive pressure sensors developed for catheters. First, the evolution of catheters and their applications in measuring physiological parameters are discussed in detail. Next, the progress of piezoresistive pressure sensors developed for integration with catheters are described under three broad categories by considering various aspects such as diaphragm shape, material size, piezoresistor type material, readout type, fabrication processes, salient features of the device, and packaging techniques. A detailed section is devoted to alternative recent piezoresistive materials, including silicon nanowire (SNW), carbon nanotube (CNT), and Graphene. Finally, the process of catheterization and testing of biomedical catheters with integrated pressure sensors in the clinical environment are elaborated. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Sensors Journal

Biomedical Catheters with Integrated Miniature Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors: A Review

A novel analytical model of surface potential for a double metal gate schottky barrier tunnelling (SBT) FET using schottky tunnelling with HfO2 as gate dielectric is proposed. The presence of a schottky tunnelling at source-channel interface improves the drain current because of the advanced tunneling from one band-to- another band charge carriers in the area of the interface junctions. Moreover, the existence of the duel work-function- improved the conductivity and thus enhances the tunnelling probability, which increases device performance. The surface potential along the channel the model is examined using the two-dimensional (2-D) Poisson equation with suitable boundary conditions and shows a major part in the design of the shortest distance between source/channel and the drain-source current. Due to its high tunnelling increases on-state current, expressively reduced off-sate current, the proposed device represents one of the reliable model to substitute complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The results of the analytical model are confirmed against those attained using the silvaco device simulator. © 2021, Springer Nature B.V.

Silicon

Analysis and Simulation of Schottky Tunneling Using Schottky Barrier FET with 2-D Analytical Modeling

This article presents the design and analysis of a staggered double-vane (SDV) slow-wave structure (SWS) for W-band amplifier, with 20-dB gain and a very high bandwidth (25%). The use of dual Bragg reflector at either end of the interaction structure increases the impedance matching and the radio frequency (RF) coupling efficiency at the input and output ports, thereby reducing the RF leakage at the electron gun and collector ends, from 15% to 25% to less than 0.6%. The attenuator section is simple to fabricate and optimally designed in order to provide an effective isolation (>20 dB) between the input RF signal in the input section and the RF signal reflected from the output section. The dispersion analysis, the transmission analysis of each section, and the beam-wave interactions were simulated using the Dassault system's computer simulation technology (CST) eigenmode solver, time-domain solver, and the particle-in-cell (PIC) solver, respectively. The proposed design of the SDV SWS conclusively provides an enormous bandwidth of 25 GHz with 20-dB gain for W-band amplifier, when compared to its solid-state counterparts and earlier reported work as per the author's knowledge. © 1973-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

Design and Analysis of a Wideband Staggered Double-Vane Slow-Wave Structure for W-Band Amplifier

The scalability and complexity nature of the integrated circuit design makes the verification process more complicated and time-consuming. Therefore, in the present modern-day SOC’s there is a strong need for verification architectures with increased reusability and easy accessibility. The UVM methodology-based verification architecture with reusable components is one of the widely accepted test bench architectures for carrying out such functional verification. This paper presents a UVM methodology based functional verification of the SPI protocol core with a dedicated architecture. First the SPI core is modeled using Verilog RTL. Then using the reusable components in UVM + System Verilog environment, the SPI core is verified under two modes such as i) SPI communication with wishbone interface and ii) SPI Master-Slave communication. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.