Electronics

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VIT University

School of Electronics Engineering

World University root node

Chennai Campus

Understanding Complex Systems

Preface

After the invention of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima and Bethune et al. in 1991, numerous fields have opted CNTs for the design and fabrication of compact, miniature, and light weight components and devices. The electronics and communication device like transistors, interconnects for printed circuit boards (PCB) and integrated chips (ICs), filters, and amplifiers have seen a huge transition in terms of materials selection and miniaturization with the adoption of CNTs as the replacement for the metallic parts. The research articles available in open literature give a strong influence of CNTs in the field of Antennas and Propagation. The CNTs have drawn the attention of antenna engineers due to their light weight, low cost, corrosion resistance, temperature stability, tunable conductivity, extraordinary flexibility and elasticity, lower thermal expansion coefficient, and higher tensile strength. Both Single Walled CNTs (SWNTs) and Multi Walled CNTs (MWCNTs) are utilized for the construction of antennas. Basically the conductivity of SWCNTs and MWCNTs is not adequate to achieve desired radiation efficiency. So, techniques such as bundling/ threading of CNTs and doping are adopted to enhance the conductivity of CNTs and radiation efficiency of antennas. In this article a review of CNT based Antennas is made with respect to the types of CNTs being used. This article is also aimed to cover the merits and demerits of CNTs being used in different antennas. This survey also covers recent advancements in CNT materials and fabrication techniques pertaining to the antenna realization. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH

AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Advancements in the use of carbon nanotubes for antenna realization

The promising capability of Triple Material Surrounding Gate Junctionless Tunnel FET (TMSG – JL – TFET) based 6 T SRAM structure is demonstrated by employing Germanium (Ge) and High-K gate dielectric material. The high – K insulation guarantees the proposed device to be used in low leakage memory systems. The corresponding analytical model is developed to extract various device parameters such as surface potential, electric field and threshold voltage. The results yield minimization of hot carrier effects at the drain end, when compared to conventional Silicon (Si) based Tunnel FETs (TFETs). Further, the ambipolar characteristics of the proposed device is explored and 6 T Ge – TMS – SG – JL – TFET based SRAM design is proposed. The results are compared with CMOS based SRAM and the analytical model presented is validated using 3D - TCAD ATLAS simulation, which ensures the accuracy and exactness of the developed model. © 2021, Springer Nature B.V.

Silicon

Triple Metal Surrounding Gate Junctionless Tunnel FET Based 6T SRAM Design for Low Leakage Memory System

In India, flood is a recurrent disaster due to various factors caused by climate change. It is essential to monitor the damages due to flood for the rescue and relief activities. Satellite data can be used effectively for assessing the inundated areas and damages. The temporal analysis of satellite imagery can be used effectively for predicting the flood hazard zone for future preparedness. In this paper, an attempt was made to analyze the flood damages using the sentinel-1 data. The floods that occurred in Godavari during August 2019 are considered for the study. The damages in water,settlement, and vegetation are analyzed using dual polarimetric decomposition (H-A-Alpha decomposition) for the three dates(pre-events and post-event) of the study area. Based on the classification results of the pre- and post-event data, percentage of the damages in water settlement and vegetation were identified. From the results, it has been suggested that the mapping of damaged areas can be effectively performed using the dual polarimetric decomposition. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Flood Damage Assessment Using H-A-Alpha Dual Polarimetric Decomposition for Godavari Flood-2019

In this paper, we built a kernel image of a real-time operating system (RTOS) using the host operating system. Ubuntu 18.04 LTS is chosen as the host operating system as its performance and support features are better as compared with other operating systems. RTEMS is chosen as real-time operating system because, it is open-sourced, and its performance is comparable with the proprietary real-time operating systems. Building a kernel image of RTEMS can be achieved by the following steps. By source building, kernel image of RTEMS is generated which is compatible with the generic architectures. As the applications depend on the hardware used, we need the kernel image which is compatible with the desired hardware. It is achieved through cross-compilation. The executable files of RTEMS kernel image are generated by make the file process. These files can be ported to the desired hardware and applications can be achieved. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021.

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Building a kernel image of rtems on host operating system

A visible light communication (VLC) system that utilizes a single phosphorescent white light emitting diode (LED) under a 3 m line of sight (LOS) indoor free space transmission length has been established in this work. Proposed lattice pre-equalization circuit in it is opted to overwhelm the bandwidth constraint of LED. This VLC system allows non-return to zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) data transmission up to 1.3 Gbps with the bit error rate (BER) of 18.241e-009, which is under a pre-forward error correction limit of 3.8*10-03 by employing an optimized pre-equalizer. The concise assess on the characteristic features of an equalizer are also done. In addition, the intention of all the components in this scheme and its results are conferred. This VLC system clearly demonstrates the capability of constant resistance recurrent equalizer structure for this LED device. The upshots show that this scheme has immense prospective for a low cost and better indoor wireless broadband access VLC applications. To date, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is an uppermost data rate reached by exploiting an optimized single stage lattice pre-equalization circuit for OOK modulated phosphorescent white LED based VLC system. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH

Optik

1.3 Gbps OOK modulated phosphorescent white LED using optimized lattice pre-equalization circuit in visible spectrum

Purpose: With the advent of the technological era, the complexity of data security and privacy has gained utmost importance. People are becoming more conscious about the security and confidentiality of their crucial information. Methods: The present study is first of its kind effort in for safeguarding an individual’s electrocardiogram (ECG) data. ECG data not only does hold medical significance but also is of crucial and critical importance for purposes related to biometric information. Hence, a deciding factor for recognizing and validating personal information. The study progresses and proposes a new technique in ECG watermarking compression. Results: This method ensures high reliability of data and information with confidentiality. The efficiency of the proposed research is evaluated in terms of compression ratio (CR), compressed signal-to-noise-ratio (CSNR), root-mean-square error (RMSE), maximum absolute error, percentage root-mean-square difference (PRD), and quality score. Conclusion: After a comprehensive evaluation, the final results show that the proposed work is robust and feasible. © 2020, Sociedade Brasileira de Engenharia Biomedica.

Research on Biomedical Engineering

A robust digital ECG signal watermarking and compression using biorthogonal wavelet transform

In this work, a low-power, area-efficient, and high-performance electrocardiogram (ECG) detector that can be used in modern implantable cardiac pacemaker systems is proposed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis indicates that the Biorthogonal-3.1 wavelet transform combined with adaptive slope prediction is best suited to detect various ECG peaks by effectively denoising various artifacts present in an ECG signal. A demand-based wavelet filter bank (WFB) architecture consisting of a series combination of three lowpass filters is the primary reason for the low-power requirements of the circuit. Power consumption and area requirements of the circuit are further reduced by realizing the lowpass filters using lattice wave digital filter realization that reduces the requirement of delay elements, and multipliers count by 80% and 75%, respectively. The proposed ECG denoising scheme using the biorthogonal 3.1 wavelet transform generates a smoother denoised ECG wave by retaining the important morphology of an ECG signal. Adaptive slope prediction criterion-based ECG processing and detection schemes achieve a high detection accuracy of 99.90%, with the lowest error of 0.002%. The proposed scheme is capable of distinguishing between a normal ECG, paced ECG, arrhythmic ECG, and low and high-resolution ECG. The proposed algorithm is then emulated on the Xilinx-Virtex-7 FPGA hardware platform. Power consumption, area, delay, and switching energy of the proposed ECG processing scheme are reduced when compared to existing ECG detection schemes and are found to be of 0.493~μ W, 1.1 mm2, 10 ns, and 4.93~μ J, respectively. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Sensors Journal

Hardware Emulation of a Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform-Based Heart Rate Monitoring Device

In smart industrial applications, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) contribute to the development of innovative systems that aim to improve the operational efficiency. However, node localization in the indoor environment still remains one of the main limitations of this technology. For WSNs, the use of a directional antenna is found to be a promising strategy that is primarily used to reduce interference and collision. This paper proposes a Reliable Data Collection Mechanism (RDCM) which uses six directional antennas to achieve an omnidirectional pattern of radiation. This transceiver module can be used as either omnidirectional or directional radiation pattern mode for node localization and accurate information gathering. Alternatively, the suggested localization technique uses Received Signal Strength (RSS), Angle of Arrival (AoA), and the x, y coordinate value derived from a single anchor node to locate the sensor node's position. The information collection mechanism based on Local Sink (LS) is implemented which uses joint approaches including the node's remaining energy, velocity, and connection time to select the LS. LS then transmits the collected data to Base Station (BS) using the modified geographic routing. In this routing, the LS considers a timer-contention mechanism to pick the next hop node in the direction of the BS. The simulation findings indicate that the RDCM has better packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption, and average end-to-end delay than VELCT, MBC, and ESWCA. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.

Journal of Industrial Information Integration

Directional antenna based node localization and reliable data collection mechanism using local sink for wireless sensor networks

In this study, the erosion wear behaviour of AA5083 aluminium alloy is investigated by slurry pot erosion method. Various sizes of silica sand particles are used to evaluate the erosion wear behaviour of AA5083 alloy by measuring the mass loss. By employing Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, experiments were conducted and optimum process parameters are identified by analysing results of erosion test. Based on the ANOVA, the significant contribution of input parameters is identified. The dominant material removal mechanisms are observed through an optical microscope images, and reasons are discussed in detail. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.