The search for organic crystals with highly efficient nonlinear optical (NLO) properties with a high surface laser damage threshold (LDT) has become more of a demand in the frontier areas of optical switching and communications applications.

Kalainathan S

Department of Physics

School of Advanced Sciences

Vellore Campus

Senthil K

Hamada F

Kondo Y.

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

RSC Advances

We report the growth process and linear and nonlinear optical characterization of high quality improvised semiorganic 2A5NPDP single crystal using the modified SR method for the first time. The major difficulties for the growth of 2A5NPDP single crystal have been resolved with the aid of a temperature lowering method. After optimization of the growth conditions, a transparent 2A5NPDP single crystal was harvested with a size of 85 mm length and 10 mm diameter over a period of 60 days. The growth rate of the modified SR method grown crystal was found to be 10 times higher than that of the conventional slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) grown crystal. The unit cell parameters of the grown crystal were ascertained by the single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) techniques. The high crystalline perfection of the crystal was ascertained by using a high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) technique. The presence of multifarious functional groups of the 2A5NPDP crystal were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectral analyses. The thermal property was assessed by the thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It shows that the grown crystal withstands temperature up to 175 °C. UV-vis-NIR analysis was used to measure the linear optical property while third-order nonlinear optical properties were ascertained using Z-scan and optical limiting (OL) techniques. The optical limiting threshold of conventional method grown crystal is 5.7 mW/cm2, whereas the modified SR method grown crystal is 4.7 mW/cm2. Low value of limiting threshold indicates that the grown crystal has minimum defects. Finally, 800 nm wavelength of 140 fs at 80 MHz repetition rate obtained from a Ti:sapphire oscillator was used for the terahertz (THz) generation between 0.1 and 2.1 THz range. The efficiency of the generated THz signal was measured using another 800 nm wavelength of 40 fs, at 1 kHz repetition rate obtained from a Ti:sapphire amplifier. The generated THz signal is separated out from unconverted 800 nm using Teflon filters, and power is measured using a pyrometer. The maximum conversion efficiency of generated THz signal is on the order of 0.63 × 10-5%. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society.

Crystal Growth & Design

Evaluation of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of D−π–A Type 2-Amino-5-Nitropyridinium Dihydrogen Phosphate (2A5NPDP) Single Crystal Grown by the Modified Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) Method for Terahertz Generation

Organic nonlinear optical benzil single crystal of fine quality with the dimensions of 168 × 14 mm2 was successfully grown in (100) plane from saturated solution by unidirectional SR method. The structural identity of the grown crystal was confirmed by powder XRD. High-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis indicates the crystalline perfection of the grown benzil crystal. The optical analysis was carried out by UV–visible spectroscopy which shows that the benzil crystal’s cut off wavelength is 437 nm. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of benzil crystal are found to be very much depending upon temperature and frequency. Ferroelectric nature of grown crystal was identified by P–E hysteresis analysis and to find the values of spontaneous polarization and coercive field. The laser damage threshold energy was studied with the help of Nd:YAG laser. The presence of third harmonic generation was identified by z-scan techniques. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Applied Physics B

Growth and characterization of unidirectional benzil single crystal for photonic applications

Ferroelectrics

The investigation of potassium tetra thiourea chloride on linear-nonlinear optical, electrical and mechanical properties of KDP crystal for NLO applications

Organic single crystals of new stilbazolium derivative, (E)-4-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxystyryl)-1-methyl pyridinium iodide (3ETSI), was grown by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed that 3ETSI crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with centrosymmetric space group P21/c. The characteristic functional groups of the grown crystal were identified by FT-IR spectral studies. The 1H NMR spectral studies further confirm the molecular structure of the grown crystal. The thermal behaviour of 3ETSI crystal was studied by TG/DSC analysis. The grown crystal was found to be transparent in the region between 471 and 800 nm as indicated by the UV–visible spectral studies. Photoluminescence spectrum of 3ETSI crystal shows broad green emission peak at 529 nm. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by Vickers microhardness tester. The laser damage threshold of 3ETSI crystal was found to be 2.5 GW/cm2 using Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm). Etching studies enunciate the two-dimensional (2D) layer growth mechanisms in the grown crystal. The third-order nonlinear optical properties including nonlinear refractive index (n2), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) of 3ETSI crystal were investigated by the Z-scan technique using continuous wave (CW) He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics

Synthesis, growth, crystal structure and characterization of new stilbazolium derivative single crystal: (E)-4-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxystyryl)-1-methyl pyridinium iodide (3ETSI)

Synthesis, growth, and characterization of new stilbazolium derivative single crystal: 2-[2-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-ethyl-pyridinium iodide for third-order NLO applications

Optical Materials

Synthesis, growth, structural and HOMO and LUMO, MEP analysis of a new stilbazolium derivative crystal: A enhanced third-order NLO properties with a high laser-induced damage threshold for NLO applications

Bulk crystal growth and nonlinear optical characterization of a stilbazolium derivative crystal: 4-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-l methylpyridinium tetraphenylborate (DSTPB) for NLO device fabrication

A new organic stilbazolium derivative crystal 2-[2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-methyl-pyridinium naphthalene-2-sulfonate dehydrate (C25H23NO5S·2H2O) (VSNS) was synthesized successfully.

RSC Adv.

Investigation of synthesis, crystal structure and third-order NLO properties of a new stilbazolium derivative crystal: a promising material for nonlinear optical devices

Journal of Crystal Growth

Mechanical and surface analysis of stilbazolium tosylate derivative crystals

Chemical Society Reviews

Functional hyperbranched polymers with advanced optical, electrical and magnetic properties

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