Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the design of routing protocols focuses mainly on the energy efficiency based on the application of the network. Over the past years, researchers developed many solutions to protract the life expectancy of the network by reducing the consumption of energy by each node. One of the main approaches is the usage of sink in mobility; this reduces the hotspot problem and energy consumption. Aiming at this problem, the paper proposes a new routing algorithm which supports the sink mobility with energy aware tree-based sink relocation routing protocol (TBSR) using adaptive fuzzy decision-making approach (AF-MADM). In TBSR, a self -organized routing tree is formed, which reduces the consumption of energy. In the beginning, the clustering process is employed using fuzzy possibilistic C-means (FPCM) algorithm. Further, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) with multiplicative exponential weighting model is developed for optimal decision making to select the root node. Then the selected root node creates a routing tree based on the distance and energy of the sensor nodes. Then each node uses its cluster information and the distance of the neighbors to select the parent node. For relocating the sink node, the proposed protocol calculates the energy along with hop count and path capacity. These methods make TBSR an energetic and analogous protocol. Results show that the proposed TBSR improves on the energy consumption and the lifetime of the network compared with existing protocols. The simulation is carried out in OMNET++ platform. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

World University root node

Electronics

School of Electronics Engineering

Chennai Campus

International Journal of Communication Systems

Energy aware tree-based sink relocation routing protocol to improve the lifetime of wireless sensor networks

Usually, the sensors are connected to the gateway units in the Internet of Things sensory environment and this gives birth to many sensors based real-time applications. Sensors are deployed in a remote location to monitor the temperature and light intensity in industries and these sensors are connected to the border router by CoAP protocol. The information of sensors is displayed in the Webpage periodically for monitoring the parameters. The border router is connected to the Internet using IPv6 Internet protocol. The simulation can be done by using COOJA simulator and the parameters obtained are continuously monitored by analyzing the power consumption of nodes. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.

VIT Unitversity

Wireless Communication Networks and Internet of Things Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Monitoring Sensor Nodes with COOJA Simulator

In this paper, the significance of the CSI feedback acquisition at the WLAN AP is highlighted. CSI is the channel state information obtained from the physical layer to support the throughput enhancement in the upper layer. However, this information should be optimized in order to mitigate the feedback overhead with the increasing number of users. Here, a survey of existing CSI feedback algorithms with the current 802.11 WLAN standards is done by considering factors like overhead, delay, and throughput performance. We also discussed the user selection and scheduling in MU-MIMO-based WLANs. The scheduling is usually performed with the help of feedback CSI from selected users. However, acquiring CSI from all user STAs results in large overhead and grows linearly with the channel sounding interval and with the increased number of users. The current literature is more focused on reducing CSI overhead. In order to fully realize the benefit of MU-MIMO and guarantee the required QoS, it is important to acquire updated CSI from all the users. Hence, there exists a trade-off between efficiency of scheduler and CSI overhead. Generally, the AP limits the number of users based on feedback CSI. The best user CSI and suitable channels are needed to be obtained before the user is scheduled. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.

Contention-Based CSI Feedback Mechanisms in MU-MIMO WLANs: A Survey

The present paper studies, the progress in the research of nature inspired swarm robotics. Swarm robotics is a robotic technology inspired from the nature (natural swarms). In this, an artificial intelligence aided coordination approach is used for the self-organization and decentralization of multiple robots. Being a promising centralized approach with fault tolerance, redundancy and scalability potentials, they can even work when it is technically infeasible to set up the infrastructure required to control the robots in a centralized way. But the design of individual robot level practice to achieve a desired collective behavior is really difficult as it is hard to predict the simultaneous interactions between large numbers of individual robots. In order to explore the possibilities to make a better progress in this technology, the existing modeling, analysis methods and the challenges has to be studied first. Followed by this, a study on swarm communication and the hardware units including sensors and actuators was done. Further the existing swarm platforms are compared based on hardware detailing, advantages and limitations. This comparative study can pay way to a better design of a multi-robot system for the applications like rescue operation, surveillance, oil spills, military applications etc. © 2018 The Author(s).

Mechanical

School of Mechanical Engineering

Fulltext

Procedia Computer Science

A Survey on Swarm Robotic Modeling, Analysis and Hardware Architecture

In recent years Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a vital role in various real time application, by collecting a huge amount of various sensory data from the field. The routing protocol for wireless sensor networks mainly aims in the energy-efficiency of the network. Due to restricted energy, memory, transmission range, power and high traffic load, the nodes which act as a sink get depleted quickly. Because of these so many approaches proposed over past years to reduce energy consumption and to prolong network lifetime. Energy consumption of the network can be reduced by means of using the mobile sink and it also reduces the hotspot problem. Hence Virtual Grid based Data Gathering technique using mobile agent (VGDG-MA) for WSN with mobile sink is proposed. Mobile agent is the one which is used to collect the data by flexibly planning its route. In this paper, virtual grid based data gathering technique using mobile agent is presented that mainly aims to reduce the route construction path frequently in a grid structure. Mobile agent is placed in a multihop environment which automatically clones and migrates based on the environmental changes. Instead of mobile sink, these mobile agents migrate in the environment and collect data, clone when it leaves the particular node results in energy consumption and also reduce the construction cost of the network. Based on residual energy of the node, sink relocates its position and avoids network failure. Proposed method shows that mobile agent can powerfully transfer data from sink to source and source to which results in energy consumption, good packet delivery ratio. Simulation results shows that the proposed VGDG-MA increases the network lifetime and gives better results in terms of energy consumption, packet delivery ratio and throughput when compared with other protocols. Simulation is carried out in OMNeT++. © 2017 IEEE.

2017 International Conference on Nextgen Electronic Technologies: Silicon to Software (ICNETS2)

Virtuial grid based data gathering technique using mobile agent (VGDG-MA)

Wireless sensor network can be used in military application for monitoring militant activities like tracking enemies, force protection and monitoring the vital signs of the soldiers who are in a battlefield. Wireless sensor network has set of distributed sensor nodes which are connected to each other. These sensor nodes are low powered, low cost, small in size with limited amount of battery supply. While designing the wireless sensor network for sensing and data reporting task limiting the utilization of power resources of the sensors is the important concern in order to extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. The nodes which are selected as a mobile sink will quickly consume more battery power and degrade the network lifetime. Sink relocation is the most powerful method to extend the network lifetime without consuming more battery energy. In this paper, a survey of the existing distributed mobile sink routing protocols and the techniques for relocating sink to maximize the network lifetime with respect to the mobile sink routing protocol design requirements and its challenges are explained. With respect to the target applications ways to increase the battery efficiency and selecting the path with low cost by selective routing protocols are also discussed. © 2006-2016 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

A survey of routing protocols of wireless sensor network with mobile sinks

Wireless sensor network can be used in military application for monitoring militant activities like tracking enemies, force protection and monitoring the vital signs of the soldiers who are in a battlefield. Wireless sensor network has set of distributed sensor nodes which are connected to each other. These sensor nodes are low powered, low cost, small in size with limited amount of battery supply. While designing the wireless sensor network for sensing and data reporting task limiting the utilization of power resources of the sensors is the important concern in order to extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. The nodes which are selected as a mobile sink will quickly consume more battery power and degrade the network lifetime. Sink relocation is the most powerful method to extend the network lifetime without consuming more battery energy. In this paper, a survey of the existing distributed mobile sink routing protocols and the techniques for relocating sink to maximize the network lifetime with respect to the mobile sink routing protocol design requirements and its challenges are explained. With respect to the target applications ways to increase the battery efficiency and selecting the path with low cost by selective routing protocols are also discussed. © IEOM Society International. © IEOM Society International.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

The main aim of this paper is to develop an automated irrigation system based on sensors which are interfaced to the microcontroller unit. The sensors used in this paper are temperature and humidity sensor DHT11 sensor and soil moisture VH400. These sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller unit and the whole unit was placed under the root zone of the plant. The main motive of using microcontroller is to send an SMS to the mobile phone of an owner who is in the remote location. The sending of SMS is done by using SIM900A module which is also interfaced to the microcontroller unit. This irrigation system is tested under different temperatures and humidity levels of different plants. The use of soil moisture sensor is to limit the water content to the particular areas. © Research india publications.

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research

Implementation of an automated irrigation system: Smart irrigation system (paper subtitle)

Proxy Mobile IPv6 is a network-based mobility management protocol which is attractive as it does not require the participation of mobile nodes in mobility-related signaling. Unlike the host based approaches like Mobile IPv6, in PMIPv6 the Mobility Access Gateway (MAG) is responsible for tracking the movements of Mobile Node (MN) and to initiate the handover process. In this study, a novel method of multicasting the data packets to both the previous and the new MAGs by Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) during the handover process is proposed. The experimental results show that the handover delay is greatly reduced when compared to the existing approaches and the packet loss during the handover process is reduced. © 2013 Science Publications.

Journal of Computer Science

Multicast-supported fast handover for proxy mobile IPv6

The increasing demand for broadband services such as VOIP is causing the cellular network providers to provide various added features in the mobile node. Mobile IP protocol has been designed to handle global and seamless user's mobility on the Internet. However, Mobile IP suffers from handoff latency due to slow handoff discovery and binding association notification. Hand off latency reduces the performance of real time services such as VoIP. Hand off delay can be reduced by multicasting the packets from CN to PAR and NAR at the time of handoff, this results in reduction of packet loss. Hence the system throughput obviously increases by certain amount. We present an analytical model for assigning the Care of Address for the mobile node when it crosses the boundary from the previous access router to the new access router and CoA calculation is based on the stateless CoA Configuration. As the CoA is calculated by the New Access Router (NAR) even before the handoff there is no need for Duplicate Address Detection. Hence the time delay for DAD is completely eradicated. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011.

European Journal of Scientific Research

Enhancement of qos of WLAN by improving handoff speed using an efficient COA assignment

With the development of wireless communication technologies, IEEE 802.11 standard (Wi-Fi) has undergone a rapid growth, thanks to low cost and high-speed connectivity. Hence effective mechanisms need to be developed to exploit the diversity across a multiple access points and to provide a uniform load distribution in order to improve the QoS of users and to improve the overall composite capacity. In this paper, we propose a handoff scheme considering the current active application in use rather than a single fixed threshold value and dynamically changing the threshold value depending upon the currently active applications. In addition to it, we also propose a pro-active Load Balancing scheme which completely avoids unnecessary overloading of access points by considering the load at the target access point before associating with it. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.