Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

IoT has started to penetrate in all walks of life starting from home to industrial applications. The number of internet connected devices is increasing every day. Data breaches against a huge amount of data evolving in it also in rise which makes security imperative. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) is one of the most widely used lightweight communication protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT) services. In this work, two-way communication using socket was adopted between node and gateway, and publish/subscribe-based communication was used between node and user. In order to ensure overall authorized access of the data from the devices, the proposed work provides three-factor authentication mechanism including perpetual and one-way hashing. Further, computational and storage analysis was performed, which proves that this scheme is suitable for resource-constrained devices and used to minimize the computational complexity, space, and bandwidth. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020.

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School of Electronics Engineering

Chennai Campus

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Mutual authentication scheme for the management of end devices in iot applications

Food safety plays a very crucial role in health-related issues, while food wastage, in turn, affects the economy of the country. In this work, an expert system is proposed for investigating the process of paddy dispatched from food godown for public distribution. It consists of three input variables temperature, humidity, and alcoholic vapour and one output variable for determining the paddy quality. Based on the input variables, fuzzy interference system was designed using Mamdani rule base and centroid-based defuzzification system. The expert system will provide a recommendation for dispatching the paddy which is highly prone to degrade. The proposed system performance was validated using empirical results, and better performance was achieved. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020.

Fuzzy logic-based decision support for paddy quality estimation in food godown

Fresh dwarf copperleaf stored in a refrigerator at 0 °C lasts for 5 days and its shelf life depends on its moisture content. In this present work, the moisture changes in fresh dwarf copperleaf during refrigerated storage were evaluated employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Subsequently, FTIR spectra were collected directly from the fresh dwarf copperleaf surface over a week employing attenuated total reflectance mode. The sample FTIR spectra were correlated with the freshness of dwarf copperleaf stored at 0 °C using principal component analysis. The sample FTIR spectra data were processed to estimate peak integrated data of FTIR spectrum (∫ν¯iν¯fTpdν¯) and transmittance peak (Tp) using Gaussian function. Tp and ∫ν¯iν¯fTpdν¯ were used as dependent variables for formulating biphasic dose response models by applying Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for predicting the age of dwarf copperleaf. The performance of the proposed analytical method was good with an outstanding low relative prediction error ranging from 0.046% to 0.098% in the validation samples. The principal component analysis assisted ATR-FTIR spectroscopy could be considered as an alternative analytical tool for rapid and accurate evaluation of freshness of dwarf copperleaf during refrigerated storage conditions. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Food Packaging and Shelf Life

Application of ATR-FTIR for a rapid evaluation of storage life of fresh dwarf copperleaf via its moisture content

Agaricus bisporus, an edible macroscopic fungus, is the most widely cultivated mushroom in the world. A. bisporus is highly susceptible to microbial attacks when stored in the refrigerator at 0 °C for more than 5 days. Hence, it is imperative to measure the freshness level of A. bisporus during its refrigeration to prevent any wastage of harvest. Herein, we propose a novel analytical technique of using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a non-invasive inspection tool to assess the moisture content of A. bisporus samples. The score plot of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that the proposed analytical method can effectively discriminate aged and fresh A. bisporus. Finally, the application of ATR-FTIR coupled PCA for determination of storage life of fresh A. bisporus is demonstrated. Non-destructive analysis, rapidity, simplicity and high accuracy are the attributes of this inspection tool that may popularize this versatile analytical technique for the rapid determination of storage life of fresh A. bisporus during cold storage. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

Postharvest Biology and Technology

ATR-FTIR as a versatile analytical tool for the rapid determination of storage life of fresh Agaricus bisporus via its moisture content

Nanosensors have been widely used for detecting toxic and volatile gases present in indoor and outdoor environment due to their swift response and recovery characteristics. They exhibit high selectivity, sensitivity, quick response and recovery signatures towards target gases. However, determination of the response and recovery time from the transient response of the chemiresistive sensor needs to be accurate to exactly represent the figure of merits of nanosensors. In this context, a non-linear model has been employed to analyse the transient response and recovery curves of a chemiresistive ammonia sensor using nanostructured cobalt-doped-ZnO thin film. Modified Hill equations have been developed based on sigmoidal behaviour of the transient curves. Based on the error analysis, only the response t95% and recovery t95% model showed best results in validation with a low relative prediction error of 0.003 and 0.001 and low root mean square error for cross validation of 9.5 and 4.68 respectively. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation

A non-linear analytical model to estimate the response and recovery times of gaseous ammonia nanosensor

The moisture content of beetroot varies during long-term cold storage. In this work, we propose a strategy to identify the moisture content and age of beetroot using principal component analysis coupled Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Frequent FTIR measurements were recorded directly from the beetroot sample surface over a period of 34 days for analysing its moisture content employing attenuated total reflectance in the spectral ranges of 2614-4000 and 1465-1853 cm-1 with a spectral resolution of 8 cm-1. In order to estimate the transmittance peak height (T p ) and area under the transmittance curve ({\int }-{{\bar{\nu }}-{i}}{{\bar{\nu }}-{f}}{T}-{p}d\bar{\nu }) (ν i ν f T p d ν ) over the spectral ranges of 2614-4000 and 1465-1853 cm-1, Gaussian curve fitting algorithm was performed on FTIR data. Principal component and nonlinear regression analyses were utilized for FTIR data analysis. Score plot over the ranges of 2614-4000 and 1465-1853 cm-1 allowed beetroot quality discrimination. Beetroot quality predictive models were developed by employing biphasic dose response function. Validation experiment results confirmed that the accuracy of the beetroot quality predictive model reached 97.5%. This research work proves that FTIR spectroscopy in combination with principal component analysis and beetroot quality predictive models could serve as an effective tool for discriminating moisture content in fresh, half and completely spoiled stages of beetroot samples and for providing status alerts. © 2018 The Author(s).

Fulltext

Scientific Reports

Analysis of Moisture Content in Beetroot using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and by Principal Component Analysis

Paddy is one of the important long stored grains. It is usually stored in granaries to ensure continuous supply throughout the year, which can be subjected to deterioration due to various environmental conditions. Electronic nose (E-Nose) is used for non-destructive rapid in-situ detection of paddy for qualitative and quantitative assessment. Further, soft computing techniques are a promising solution for data analysis to enhance prediction accuracy. In this work, paddy quality assessment has been carried out using an E-Nose. Six different metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors are used for detecting simple and assorted volatile organic compounds evolving from paddy when stored over a period of time at different conditions. A Fuzzy Set based Multiple Linear Regression (FSMLR) has been proposed and implemented for paddy quality assessment. In the first stage, four fuzzified sensor data are given as input for assessment. While in the second stage, piecewise multiple linear equations were used for quality assessment and defuzzification. Quantitative assessment was carried out for nineteen multiple linear regression models built using fuzzy set theory. The proposed model achieves better performance metrics in terms of low root mean square error for cross validation and relative prediction error (RMSECV &lt;0.028, RPE &lt;1 × 10−4) for all the models. Further, adjusted regression coefficient (R2 = 0.99) confirms the good fit and Karl-Pearson coefficient of 0.99 confirms the prediction accuracy of the proposed model. This model can be embedded with sensor nodes for online monitoring of paddy granaries. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical

A framework for analysing E-Nose data based on fuzzy set multiple linear regression: Paddy quality assessment

A wireless gas sensor node with nanosensor for rapid in-situ detection of ammonia gas is developed and an analytical model for precise and accurate quantification of ammonia in any industrial or closed environment has been proposed. A nanosensor is preferred due to its highly selective and sensitive properties for target gases. In this work, a traditional sensing circuit is replaced with a single sensor based voltage divider sensing circuit for signal feeding to microcontroller. As the room temperature operated chemiresistive ammonia sensor has eliminated the use of micro heater, overall power consumption is reduced. A low sensing power consumption of 56 mW was observed and the performance of non-linear model based gas detection algorithm was analysed using Relative Prediction Error (RPE), Root Mean Square Error for Cross Validation (RMSECV) and percentage recovery (% recovery). Best performance metrics values (RPE = 0.04%, RMSECV = 6.128, % recovery = 99.273) were obtained. In addition to this, the wireless sensor node is designed with power harvesting techniques to overcome the issues on node lifetime. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

A low power ammonia sensor node embedded with a light weight non-linear analytics

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is the accumulation of large number of tiny, low power autonomous devices. By the very nature, WSN are prone to attack and difficult to secure, manage, even for most savvy network administrators. Security algorithms are requisite for protecting data transmission in WSN, since unlicensed wireless bandwidth is used for data communication. In this work a lightweight encryption algorithm with modified key generation by fusing logistic map and tent map is proposed and the same is implemented in ALTERA DE1 cyclone II FPGA which occupies only 1550 logic element for 128 bit key size and a maximum throughput of 200 Kbps is achieved. © 2016 The Authors.

Physics Procedia

Establishment of Light Weight Cryptography for Resource Constraint Environment Using FPGA

Procedia Computer Science

With the rapid advancement in wireless sensor networks, WSN based zigbee network has been widely used in controlling and monitoring process. ARM7 and Zigbee are used for Automated electronic toll management (AETM). The proposed system consist of three units namely Lane processing unit, Link unit and Mobile unit. Lane processing unit act as central database server and holds user information while link unit act as router and increases the coverage and RSSI of the received signal. Mobile unit fixed in the vehicle transmit the vehicle information such as reg no, owner name for authentication to lane processing unit. LPC2148 is an ARM7 TDMI based low power controller used in proposed system design. It is a 32 bit processor works on RISC architecture reduces the latency in processing data or command. Xbee transceiver is used for communication between these nodes and here xbee series 2 transceiver is used which has inbuilt 128 bit AES encryption to avoid any security attack or false data packet injection. To evaluate proposed system performance, issues related to packet loss ratio (PLR), traffic density are analyzed. This system greatly increases the response time than in traditional toll management system. © Research India Publications.

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research

Zigbee and ARM based electronic toll management system

WSN based Zigbee network has been extensively used in monitoring and controlling purpose in industries. In this paper, deployment of the Zigbee based WSN for monitoring and controlling the power at each work station in the weaving industry is discussed. Here the traditional working of the weaving industry is discussed and the suitability of Zigbee in monitoring and direct load controlling for the efficient power utilization is proposed. The CC2431 module is considered for wireless transmission. The controlling action is made possible with the microcontroller present in the CC2431 module. The main aim of this work is used to monitor the different workstations at industries using Zigbee devices and to correspondingly cut off the power to the particular workstation when it is in idle state without distracting the other workstations. The issues related with power and transmission range of the proposed work are discussed. © 2013 IEEE.