Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

In this digital era, securing multimedia information is receiving its due concern apart from securing textual data. Securing the image by utilising integer wavelet transform is the chief curiosity of the proposed work. This research work is envisioned to explore the use of reversible integer wavelet transforms (IWTs) for designing robust image encryption algorithm. The proposed exploration comforts to seal the gap in the space in between image encryption and the existing robust IWT. Ten different IWT namely Haar, 5/3, 2/6, 9/7-M, 2/10, 5/11-C, 5/11-A, 6/14, 13/7-T, 13/7-C are used for the analysis. Four keys utilised for image scrambling and image diffusion are generated with the help of the proposed combined chaotic system. Image scrambling is performed only on the approximation coefficients to get full image scrambling and bit XOR is used for image diffusion. This proposed method provides NPCR value as 99.6246%, UACI value as 33.5829, entropy value as 7.997 and very less correlation values. Simulation results prove that image encryption technique can be designed with various integer wavelet transforms. Copyright © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Department of Information Technology

School of Information Technology and Engineering

Vellore Campus

Department of Software and Systems Engineering

International Journal of Cloud Computing

A new venture to image encryption using combined chaotic system and integer wavelet transforms

In this digital era, all the information takes the form of various media during communication. This leads to the need for more concern on the security measures so that the data being transmitted is resilient to various malicious attacks. In this paper, a modified line map algorithm is proposed and it is considered as a chaotic map to scramble the image. The resultant chaotic Line map has been employed to permute the image pixels, whereas diffusion is performed by XOR operation to completely encrypt the image. The robustness of the image against attacks has been increased by repeated permutation-diffusion round for ‘n’ number of times. Histogram analysis, Number of pixels change rate and correlation analysis has been performed to analyze the robustness of the proposed technique. Simulation results proves that this methodology can be implemented in real time applications. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing Intelligent Systems Design and Applications

Image Encryption Using New Chaotic Map Algorithm

The world has developed far beyond our expectations with the essence of technology, which has a profound effect on recent ways of data transmission. Data can be transmitted in many ways, but not so efficiently and securely as digital data. Imagery data is very vital these days considered these are used everywhere around the world. This paper mainly emphasizes on the prime issue i.e. “making the system more secure”. Therefore securing the image is a principal factor of this paper as the present issue that is ongoing now with data theft which is predominantly in an image. So, this paper mainly focuses on how to proliferate the sensitivity to the attacks and securing the image which is an integration of different algorithms of diffusion and shuffling based on chaotic logistic maps. A new approach for the proposed algorithm was generated. A few basic examinations like NPCR (Number of Pixel Change Rate), Histogram investigations, UACI (Unified Average Change of Intensity) and PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) are performed against various test images of size 256 × 256×3. Results obtained from the analysis endorses that it offers a high level of security. This proves the credibility for this algorithm for the future usage in the real world.

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology Regular Issue

A New Color Image Encryption Algorithm With Three Stage Shuffling And Xor Diffusion

Interactive media applications in smart electronic business (e-business), for example, web based exchanging and Internet advertising, dependably face security issues in storing and retrieval of text, images, audio and video. The proposed work addresses the problem of security in e-commerce and proposes a unified framework to secure the image data that are stored in the third party cloud. A three-stage image encryption procedure is proposed in this paper, which combines integer wavelet transform (IWT), chaotic maps and deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) encoding rule. The proposed technique uses five levels of security by generating five key sequences through five different chaotic maps. A grayscale image is partitioned as 8 × 8 blocks. Key 1 is generated using logistic map to select an 8 × 8 block randomly. Line map is utilized to create Key 2, in order to scramble the selected 8 × 8 block. Tent map derives Key 3 to randomize the choice of IWTs between Haar or 5/3. Approximation coefficients are scrambled using Key 4 derived from Henon map. The resultant scrambled block is encrypted by selecting a DNA rule using Key 5 that is generated using sine map. The proposed methodology is validated through several performance analysis metrics, and the algorithm achieves an entropy of 7.99, PSNR of 9&nbsp;dB and near-zero correlation. The algorithm is also resistant to differential attacks and brute force with the key space greater than 2128. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Information Systems and e-Business Management

Three stage hybrid encryption of cloud data with penta-layer security for online business users

VIT Unitversity

Fulltext

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Intelligent Shuttle Management and Routing Algorithm

Data hiding is the research about embedding secret information into a digital media. The proposed method is based on embedding unequal amounts of secret information using pixel complexity. In the proposed method, secret information is embedded in 2 × 2 embedding cells which were composed with randomized embedding units to reduce the falling-off-boundary problem and to eliminate sequential embedding. This paper designs a new quantization range table based on the perfect square number to decide the payload by the difference value between the consecutive pixels. Furthermore, the payload size maybe adjusted by reference tables and threshold value. New viewpoint can be put forward by alterations in the existing Pixel Value Differencing methods to obtain better image quantity and higher capacity.

Department of Communication Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering

International Journal of Chemical Sciences

PVD based random data hiding with high payload and PSNR

Objective: This paper proposes a new data hiding method to improve the security for data hiding. Method: This method first maps the cover image into a 1D pixel sequence and then divides it into non-overlapping blocks containing two successive pixels for embedding. It then calculates the difference between the two pixel values for the blocks. It then compares the difference with a reference table. The reference table is referred in every iteration for the comparison of pixel value differences and the range it falls in. This leads to the calculation of the number of bits which can be embedded in that particular block. Findings: The embedded pixels are then modified and their difference is calculated and compared with the range table. If the difference falls in same range, the embedded pixels are used as modified pixels, and if the difference does not fall in the same range, the pixels are modified such that the difference falls in the appropriate range. Extraction of the data is done in the same way to get the covert data. Application/Improvements: Experimental results show that this method enhances embedding rate while preserving the stego image quality.

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

A New Pixel Value Based Steganography Method for Data Security

Steganography plays a vital role in transmitting secret information over the Internet. Though many techniques are available in steganography, they all differ in their performance measures such asembedding capacity, robustness and imperceptibility. This paper aims at an implementation of an efficient double layer secured algorithm for data hiding in grayscale images. In this proposed methodology two levels of security has been implemented. The first level processing involves scrambling of the cover image before embedding the secret data. Second level of security is employed by using secret keys to embed the secret data. This Non-Adaptive method deploys an error reduction module that yields a high visual quality stego image. Thus this proposed methodology provides very high security. This work has been implemented in MATLAB environment.

A double layer information security approach through image scrambling and data hiding

Steganography is the technique of hiding information inside other information. It provides data security. Image steganography can be implemented in both, the spatial and transform domain. In this study, transform domain steganography has been adopted. A cover image is transformed to the frequency domain using Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and a secret image is embedded in it using Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution. The secret data is embedded only in high frequency sub-bands of the frequency domain transform of the cover image. Both adaptive and non-adaptive embedding techniques are employed and the results are compared. Also, random traversing for embedding the secret data is implemented for higher security. Haar and (5/3) IWT based algorithms are used. The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values and payload capacity are obtained and compared for above algorithms. © 2014 Asian Network for Scientific Information

Department of Instrumentation

School of Electrical Engineering

World University root node

Information Technology Journal

Comparative Analysis of (5/3) and Haar IWT Based Steganography

With the rapid advancements in digital information transmission, technologies need for ensuring high level of data security, has become indispensible. In order to ensure the same, many cryptography and steganography techniques are in use. In the proposed methodology, both the techniques have been used simultaneously for incorporating a near fool proof security. Cryptography renders an image unreadable whereas, steganography aims at hiding secret information in the image. In the scrambled image, adaptive Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution has been performed using Pixel Value Differencing (PVD) based on Pixel Indicator (PI) method for colour images. Here, secret data is embedded only in R and G planes while, B plane acts as an indicator for embedding. This methodology increases the embedding capacity by 50% compared to the existing methods in addition with a reasonable Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 42 dB. © 2014 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

Journal of Artificial Intelligence

PVD Based Steganography on Scrambled RGB Cover Images with Pixel Indicator

Modern day information age is enriched with the advanced network communication expertise but unfortunately at the same time encounters infinite security issues when dealing with secret and/or private information. The storage and transmission of the secret information become highly essential and have led to a deluge of research in this field. In this paper, an optimistic effort has been taken to combine graceful graph along with integer wavelet transform (IWT) to implement random image steganography for secure communication. The implementation part begins with the conversion of cover image into wavelet coefficients through IWT and is followed by embedding secret image in the randomly selected coefficients through graph theory. Finally stegoimage is obtained by applying inverse IWT. This method provides a maximum of 44 dB peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) for 266646 bits. Thus, the proposed method gives high imperceptibility through high PSNR value and high embedding capacity in the cover image due to adaptive embedding scheme and high robustness against blind attack through graph theoretic random selection of coefficients.