Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

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VIT University

The antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus, Ficus bengalensis and Pterocarpus marsupium roxb was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria Stahylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia in an in vitro condition. Aqueous extracts from roots of H. indicus and barks of F. bengalensis and P. marspium roxb were tested for antimicrobial activity using the zone of inhibition method and also screened for phytochemicals. The aqueous extract of P. marsupium roxb inhibited growth of bacteria with the minimal inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.04 mg to 0.08 mg and extracts of F. bengalensis and H. indicus showed inhibition at the range of 0.04 mg to 0.1 mg against the bacteria tested. The susceptibility of bacterial pathogens was in the order of S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was synergistic with antibiotics tested. Results of the present study suggest that the aqueous extracts of H. indicus, F. bengalensis and P. marspium roxb has significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria.

Department of Biotechnology

School of Bio Sciences and Technology

Vellore Campus

Department of Bio-Medical Sciences

Fulltext

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Antimicrobial activity ofHemidesmus indicus, Ficus bengalensisandPterocarpus marsupiumroxb

The antimicrobial activity of saponin fractions from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrata was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria and fungi in an in vitro condition. A series of concentrations of crude and pure saponin fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity by zone of inhibition method. The pure saponin fractions were found to be more effective against tested bacterial pathogens when compared to crude saponin fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exhibited by the pure saponin fraction of G. sylvestre was found to be in the range of 600-1,200 mg/l against bacterial strains and 1,400 mg/l for fungal isolates. In the case of E. prostrata, the range was 1,000-1,200 mg/l for bacteria and 1,400 mg/l for fungal isolates. The susceptibility of bacterial pathogens for saponin fractions was in the order of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, P. mirablis, S. aureus and for fungal pathogens A. fumigatus followed by A. niger and A. flavus. Whereas, A. niger was more susceptible to inhibition by E. prostrata saponin fractions, followed by A. flavus and A. fumigatus. The antimicrobial potential of saponin fractions was compared with antibiotics, Chloramphenicol and Amphotericin-B with respect to bacteria and fungi. The present study suggests that the saponin fractions G. sylvestre and E. prostrata possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activity. Our results further suggest that saponins of G. sylvestre and E. prostrata can be used as a potential fungicide against pathogenic fungi. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

VIT Unitversity

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Antimicrobial activity of saponin fractions of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrata

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic and ameliorative potential of aqueous extract of Ficus bengalensis bark in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of F. bengalensis bark on blood glucose, serum electrolytes, serum glycolytic enzymes, liver microsomal protein, hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats was studied. Oral administration of Ficus bengalensis to fed, fasted and glucose loaded diabetic rats significantly [F &gt; 0.05 (ANOVA) and P&lt; 0.05 (DMRT)] decreased the blood glucose level at 5 hrs and restored the levels of serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent enzyme systems and decreased the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides at the end of 12 weeks. Further, the aqueous extract of Ficus bengalensis at a dose of 500mg/kg/day exhibits significant antidiabetic and ameliorative activity as evidenced by histological studies in normal and Ficus bengalensis treated streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. On the basis of our findings, it could be used as an antidiabetic and ameliorative agent for better management of diabetes mellitus.

Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry

Antidiabetic and ameliorative potential of Ficus bengalensis bark extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of an aqueous extract of the roots of Hemidesmus indicus on blood glucose, serum electrolytes, serum marker enzymes, liver microsomal P-450 enzymes, and lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Effect of H. indicus extract on blood glucose was studied with fed, fasted and glucose-loaded diabetic and nondiabetic rat models. The effect of the extract on serum electrolytes, serum levels of key glucose metabolizing enzymes, hepatic microsomal protein and hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase enzyme systems and lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. One way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Oral administration of H. indicus aqueous extract to fed, fasted and glucose-loaded diabetic rats decreased blood glucose level significantly at 5 h and restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides at the end of 12 weeks of the study period. Conclusion: From the studies, it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of the roots of H. indicus at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day exhibits significant antidiabetic activity. It restores the concentrations of electrolytes, glucose metabolizing enzymes, hepatic microsomal protein and hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase enzyme systems to near normal level and also corrects the related metabolic alterations in experimentally induced diabetic rats. H. indicus administration also decreased liver and kidney lipid peroxidation products. On the basis of our findings, H. indicus could be used as an antidiabetic and antioxidant agent for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries

Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The larvicidal effect of aqueous extracts of Hemidesmus indicus roots, Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrata leaves were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae at the concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% up to three days. All extracts showed larval mortality. Larval mortality was 100% with the use of 5% concentration of root extract of H. indicus, leaves extracts of G. sylvestre and E. prostrata after 2 days. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals of aqueous extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and tannins in all the plants. Quantitative analysis showed that the crude saponin was the major phytochemical constituent present in highest percentage followed by crude tannin in all three plants. It is suggested that all the three plants possess larvicidal properties that could be developed and used as natural insecticides for mosquito control. © 2007 Academic Journals.

World University root node

African Journal of Biotechnology

Larvicidal effect of Hemidesmus indicus, Gymnema sylvestre, and Eclipta prostrata against Culex qinquifaciatus mosquito larvae

In this study, aqueous methanol and n-butanol extracts of aerial parts of Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae) were tested for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. From the results, it was found that extracts from leaves, flowers, stem and fruits revealed antimicrobial activity against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. Maximal antibacterial activity was seen against Klebsiella with aqueous extract whereas methanol extract of stem showed maximal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) exhibited by S. trilobatum aqueous extracts against tested organisms ranged between 0.06-0.5 mg/ml. Presence of tannins, saponins, flavanoides, phenolic compounds, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates indicates S. trilobatum, is one of the potential medicinal plant for therapeutic use. © 2006 Academic Journals.

Antimicrobial activity and phytochemicals of Solanum trilobatum Linn.

The hyperoxaluric rat kidney nucleus exhibited a 50% increase in oxalate binding activity of control in both the residual fraction containing nuclear envelopes and the histone fraction with a concomitant increase in basal lipid peroxidation and a decrease in thiol content. However, in vitro lipid peroxidation induced by the ascorbate-ADP-Fe3+ system increased the oxalate binding activity of the residual fraction with a positive correlation but inhibited the histone oxalate binding activity with a negative correlation with depletion of thiols during peroxidation in both control and hyperoxaluric rats. A twofold increase in oxalate concentration was observed in the nucleus as well as the nuclear subfractions in hyperoxaluria. Hyperoxaluric rat kidneys showed increased H1 and oxalate binding activity, and the distribution of H1B was higher than that in the control. The present study suggests that the increased nuclear oxalate binding activity in hyperoxaluric rats was not due to lipid peroxidation but due to increased formation of histone H1. © 1997 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Nephron

Induction of renal nuclear oxalate binding activity in experimental hyperoxaluric rats

Purpose: To characterize the nuclear oxalate binding protein and its involvement in hyperoxaluria. Materials and Methods: Rat and human renal cortical epithelial cell nuclear protein was isolated and studied. Renal nuclear histones were isolated by acid extraction and purified by ion exchange column chromatography. Results: Most of the 14C-oxalate binding was present in the histone-H1 fraction. The oxalate binding activity resided exclusively in the H1B fraction of H1. The protein was purified 13 to 16- fold with a specific activity of 940 to 1570 pmol./mg. protein. Oxalate binding to rat or human kidney or calf thymus histone was rapid, reversible, pH dependent and saturable. Trypsin treatment abolished the binding activity. Scatchard plot analysis revealed the presence of 2 distinct oxalate binding sites, one with high affinity and the other with low affinity. Oxalate binding was inhibited by DIDS (4,4'-diisothio-cyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid) and other dicarboxylate transport inhibitors. The IC50 values for different substrate analogues were, in decreasing order, oxalate &lt; oxamate &lt; succinate &lt; glyoxylate &lt; malate &lt; glycolate. In experimental urolithic rats, histone oxalate binding was increased by 50 to 70%. The higher oxalate binding activity in hyperoxaluric rats was due to increased formation of H1. Histone exhibited in vitro calcium oxalate crystal growth promoter activity. Conclusion: Oxalate binding activity resided in the H1B of histone H1. The protein promoted calcium oxalate crystal growth. This suggested a possible role for this protein in the retention of calcium oxalate in the nucleus.

Journal of Urology

Characterization of nuclear oxalate binding protein of rat and human kidney

Medical Science Research

Induction of renal nuclear oxalate binding activity by lipid peroxidation

Feeding dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) to rats produced hyperoxaluria, hypercalcuria and increased retention of oxalate in kidney. Increased oxalate binding in kidney was observed in DHA fed rats and it was found to be associated with increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) reaction and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and decreased levels of oxygen free radical scavengers glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E. © 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd.

Nutrition Research

Induction of oxalate binding by dehydroascorbic acid feeding in rat kidney

Actinomycetes isolates collected from different environments were screened for antiviral activity against WSSV. One isolate designated as CAHSH-2 showed antiviral activity against WSSV at the concentration of 0.2 mg per shrimp. The laboratory trial of determining antiviral activity of ethyl acetate extract (EtOAcE) of CAHSH-2 against WSSV was carried out 21 times since 2014. CAHSH-2 isolate which showed antiviral activity was characterized and identified as Streptomyces ghanaensis like strain. Among the five fractions obtained from EtOAcE of potential actinomycetes isolate, F1 was found to have strong antiviral activity. The F1A and F1B sub-fractions from F1 fraction were subjected to GC-MS, FTIR, 1 H and 13 C NMR analyses and, the compounds identified were di-n-octyl phthalate and bis (2-methylheptyl) phthalate, respectively. Among these compounds, di-n-octyl phthalate showed strong antiviral activity against WSSV. Molecular docking studies revealed that di-n-octyl phthalate was found to have high binding affinity with VP26 and VP28 proteins of WSSV, whereas the bis (2-methylheptyl) phthalate showed low binding affinity with VP26 and VP28. The antiviral activity of EtOAcE of actinomycetes against WSSV was confirmed by PCR, RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA. The EA extract of active isolate was found to be non-toxic to Artemia , post-larvae and adult Litopenaeus vannamei . Importance White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an important shrimp viral pathogen and responsible for huge economic loss to shrimp culture industry worldwide including India. The global loss due to WSSV has been estimated about USD 10 billion and the loss continues at the same extent even now. Various strategies have been followed to prevent or control diseases of aquatic animals. In spite of various preventive and control strategies, WSSV has been still persisting for more than two decades. No control strategies have so far been evolved to put a break to WSSV. In this situation, an attempt was made in the present work to screen some actinomycetes isolates for antiviral activity against WSSV. Among these isolates, one isolate identified as Streptomyces ghanaensis like isolate CAHSH-2 showed activity against WSSV. This article gives the information about the antiviral compound against WSSV and the mechanism of viral inhibition.