Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

The Water balance of Veeranam Lake is calculated by considering all inflow and outflow components of lake. Inflow components of Veeranam lake include direct rainfall, Vadavar River inflow, ungauged catchment inflow whereas outflow components of the lake include evaporation and discharge of water for various activities (CMWSSB pumping outflow, Irrigational outflow, Lalpet Weir outflow, VNSS outflow). Ungauged catchment runoff to Veeranam Lake is estimated by Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method. About 42% of rainfall volume in the catchment is infiltrated into the ground and 58% of rainfall volume, flow as a direct surface runoff into the Veeranam Lake. Groundwater inflow and outflow to lake are commonly expressed as net groundwater exchange and it is estimated as 53% of total outflow components of the lake. Veeranam Lake is dominated by both the inflow and outflow components of the lake. The calculated net groundwater exchange is negative and this indicates that Veeranam Lake recharges the nearby aquifer zones. © EM International.

Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering

School of Civil Engineering

Vellore Campus

World University root node

Ecology, Environment and Conservation

Quantification and classification of groundwater-lake water exchange using conventional method

Veeranam tank is one of the largest tank in Tamil Nadu, India which plays a vital role in groundwater recharge to the surrounding aquifer. Electrical resistivity survey were carried out in ten locations around the Veeranam tank. The resistivity, thickness of subsurface formations, longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (R), average longitudinal resistivity (ST), average transverse resistivity (RT) and anisotropy (λ) were used to characterize the lithological formations and also groundwater potential and recharge zones were delineated. The four major zones clay, clayey sand, saline sand and sandstone were identified as a result of primary geo-electrical parameters which includes resistivity and thickness of the formations. The sandstone formation is identified as good water bearing formation and this formation possess low longitudinal conductance, high transverse resistance, and low anisotropy values. The clay and saline formation possess high longitudinal conductance, low transverse resistance and high anisotropy values and these formations are identified as moderate groundwater water bearing formations. High longitudinal conductance is observed in eastern region of the study area due to intrusion of saline water. Sandstone formation of low longitudinal conductance is associated with high percolation rate and groundwater potential is also good in this formation. High transverse resistance zones are associated with high infiltration rate and high transmissivity whereas groundwater potential is good in these zones. VES 2 and VES 3 stations comprises of sandstone formation as second layer and Veeranam tank water infiltrated into these zones due to high infiltration rate of these formations. The resistivity value is decreased in VES 10 station due to intrusion of sea water. The true resistivity near the Veeranam tank is high and decreases towards east which clearly indicates that groundwater recharge is the major process that occurs nearby the downstream shore of tank and intrusion of saline water in the eastern part of the study area. Thus good interaction between exists between Veeranam tank and its downstream zones and interaction decreases as the distance increases from the tank. © 2018, The Institution of Engineers (India).

Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A

Delineation of Groundwater Potential and Recharge Zone Using Electrical Resistivity Method Around Veeranam Tank, Tamil Nadu, India

The factors influencing the groundwater quality around Veeranam Tank, Tamilnadu, India is assessed in this study by Gibb's diagram, scatter diagram and correlation coefficient matrix. A total of 120 groundwater samples were collected during southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon, winter and hot weather periods during the water year 2015-2016. The Gibb's diagram denotes that both evaporation and rock-water interaction occurs. The chloro-Alkaline indices suggest that ion exchange is the dominant process. The various sources of ions to groundwater are identified through scatter diagram between various ions of groundwater. The scatter diagram also illustrate that, groundwater is subjected to evaporation in the aquifer. The statistical correlation analysis indicates that groundwater chemistry is influenced by natural saline water intrusion and anthropogenic activities. The integrated results implies that groundwater quality is influenced by rock-water interaction, ion exchange, weathering, dissolution of salts, leaching process, evaporation and also due to infiltration of chemical fertilizers that applied to agricultural lands.

Assessment of groundwater chemistry in semi-Arid region around Veeranam Tank, Tamilnadu, India

A hydro geochemical analysis were carried out in and around Veeranam tank area to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Totally 103 samples were collected during August 2015, December 2015 and March 2015. The people living around the Veeranam tank depends on the groundwater for their drinking purposes and both the surface and groundwater for their irrigation purposes. The water samples were analysed for physical characteristics such as pH, EC and chemical characteristics such as Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, NO3 . These physico-chemical characteristics were compared with BIS (2012) and WHO (2011) standards to determine its suitability for drinking purpose. Based upon EC concentration, 31.40% of the samples were not suitable for drinking standards. The percentage of samples within the permissible limit for dinking standards according to Ca, Mg, Na and K concentrations were 65.50%, 66.65%, 69.09% and 72.07% respectively. The decreased ionic concentration in west is due to Veeranam tank water recharge and increased ionic concentration towards the east is due to the salt water intrusion near by the coast. The irrigation water quality is determined by Sodium Percentage, Wilcox diagram, Alkalinity and Salinity Hazard, Magnesium Hazard and Residual Sodium Carbonate. Totally 82% and 84.81% of the samples were suitable for irrigation based upon the Wilcox and USSL Classification, respectively. From the study it is identified that groundwater is moderately suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes and necessary appropriate steps should be taken to conserve the groundwater in the study area. © EM International.

Hydro geochemical characterization of surface and groundwater quality and assessing its suitability of drinking and irrigational purposes in Veeranam Tank area, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India