Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

A multi-robot-based fault detection system for railway tracks is proposed to eliminate manual human visual inspection. A hardware prototype is designed to implement a master–slave robot mechanism capable of detecting rail surface defects, which include cracks, squats, corrugations, and rust. The system incorporates ultrasonic sensor inputs coupled with image processing using OpenCV and deep learning algorithms to classify the surface faults detected. The proposed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model fared better compared to the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), random forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms based on accuracy, R-squared value, F1 score, and Mean-Squared Error (MSE). To eliminate manual inspection, the location and status of the fault can be conveyed to a central location enabling immediate attention by utilizing GSM, GPS, and cloud storage-based technologies. The system is extended to a multi-robot framework designed to optimize energy utilization, increase the lifetime of individual robots, and improve the overall network throughput. Thus, the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is simulated using 100 robot nodes, and the corresponding performance metrics are obtained. © 2020, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

Department of Communication Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering

Vellore Campus

Neural Computing and Applications

Structural health monitoring of railway tracks using IoT-based multi-robot system

In city areas where people are more, managing garbage is in an inappropriate way leading to multiplying of germs that can cause illness. There is a difference in how frequently they use these litter bins in various regions. Periodic checking with timing gaps does not help. They may overflow at times even earlier than expected. To avoid this and to enhance the cleaning, a smart garbage monitoring method to find when the garbage can is full is proposed in this paper. The method’s design gathers such information as well as transmits it via a network of wireless type. In this proposed method, sensing of the dustbin’s trash level is done by sensors as well as information is transmitted to the official mobile station via GSM and GPS module. Online monitoring of the garbage level at control room is made using a WiFi Module. Arduino processor interfaces the system of sensors with the network modules. This data helps contracted cleaners as well as those who provide garbage cans, promptly empty to maintain the area spick and span..

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering Regular Issue

Smart Garbage Monitoring and Navigation System using IoT

On the basis of a compressive sensing technique, an encryption scheme is proposed in order to improve security for the image. In the proposed algorithm, Discrete Wavelet Transform is applied to the plain image in order to transform it into many wavelet coefficients and then those coefficients are in turn confused using zigzag confusion. Finally they are converted into a cipher image by applying the proposed compressive sensing technique. Randomly generated 256 bit key is used to calculate the skew tent map, which further forms the basis for creating the measurement matrix used in compressive sensing. Simulation results show good performance for the proposed algorithm over the existing algorithms. © 2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Compressive sensing based image encryption scheme

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network that consists of independent self-directed devices that may be spatially distributed which use physical sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions. A WSN may have thousands of sensor nodes which may have numerous technical electronic components which include radio, a microcontroller, a battery, sensors and sensor interfaces. In this article the performance analysis of clustering protocols in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks are done for Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (TSEP). WSN is an emerging technology that helps in monitoring the physical parameters in various aspects in today’s world in different environments. Reducing the energy consumed and increasing the lifetime of the network become the most significant objectives of the routing protocols due to the energy. constraints of the WSNs. An optimum technique that can be used to prolong the lifetime of any sensor network and decrease the energy consumption is Clustering. The study shows that the two prominent energy efficient clustering protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is compared with different parameters like throughput, number of Alive nodes and residual energy with the help of software MATLAB and to find the best clustering protocol amongst the two with respect to the lifetime of the network. © Research India Publications.

World University root node

Department of Embedded Technology

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research

A study on election based clustering protocols in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

An effective cryptographic algorithm plays a major role in secure communications which is important for today's digital world. Network security primarily depends upon Cryptographic algorithms as its applications are. The main goal of a cryptographic algorithm is to satisfy four conditions which are Integrity, Confidentiality, Authentication and Nonrepudiation. Though there are numerous algorithms there is a chance of drudge caused due to adversaries and hence for the better security we in this paper considered few existing algorithms and on few modification we compared them through their performance level on considering few factors like encryption time, throughput, computational time and memory usage. We also added a new concept related to steganography in this paper where that technique is evaluated based on histogram level. The proposed algorithm is effective for secure communications in this digital era. In this study is made particularly for the evaluation of comparison and performances of cryptographic algorithms. © 2006-2017 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).

Design and performance analysis of diverse generic data hiding algorithms in cryptography

In the global scenario, with the rampant strides in wireless as well as mobile networks, Secure Group Key Management, play a vital role for wireless group oriented applications. To name a few, share broking, software distribution, and internet pay sites. In large and dynamic multicast groups, the sender and the group members use a common secure group key to encrypt and decrypt the data that are being exchanged. The tree-based centralized architecture is commonly used so as to lower the rekeying cost in terms of storage, transmission and computation. But it usually leads to additional overhead for balancing the tree. In the proposed hybrid group key management architecture, the members are divided into various clusters and cluster head selection for each one is based on each node's distance and energy. The proposed architecture will enhance the group performance in terms of computation as well as communication complexity. © 2016 International Information Institute.

Information (Japan)

Hybrid group key management architecture for multicast applications

The main objective of the paper is effective use of Vertical handoff for a heterogeneous vehicular network. To minimize the data transmission time or alternatively the cost of transmitting (data), taking into account the velocity of the vehicle are the goals too. The problems arise during these process will also be addressed. If a handoff is required, with the help of available technologies, considering the velocity of vehicle, a handoff between WLAN and Cellular will be done. In depth analysis shows that to minimize cost of both parameters at lower velocities VHO is suitable, while at higher velocities cellular suits. On ensuring a handoff using Max-Opt, the best Attachment Point is found. For optimized VHO decision, it is compared with other methods like the one, where Strongest Signal First (SSF) was used. We demonstrate in Max-Opt, apart from handoff collective battery lifetime and load balancing is also better, compared to SSF method. Results obtained justify that functioning of optimal VHO decision making while considering (as it also takes care of) the network selection parameters as well as user mobility profile.Final section of this article discussed the survey of various possible alternative algorithms deciding vertical handoff. © 2016, Research India Publications.

Department of Smart Computing

School of Information Technology and Engineering

A study and survey of handoff strategies in next generation wireless networks

The transmission of a highly secured message that is highly essential in the global scenario today is possible by employing the DNA cryptography. Based on modified Shamir's secret algorithm as well as DNA based encryption and decryption, the present algorithm is arrived. In between server and clients, a provision of a three level secured message transmission is implemented. In this method, only when all the clients in the group are involved in the decryption process, decoding of the secret message is possible. This ensures security of first level. The server authenticates the clients to whom the secrets can be shared. It is the security of second level. The decoding of the original DNA sequence related to the secret is done only by the primers. That completes the final security level. The simulation validates that the proposed algorithm is much better from the point of security. © Medwell Journals, 2016.

Asian Journal of Information Technology

DNA based secret sharing algorithm for multicast group

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is the basis for a significant new architecture for mobile applications incorporating voice, video and data services. The IMS is an overlay network on top of IP that uses SIP as the primary signalling mechanism[1]. Femtocells are low-power wireless access points that operate in licensed spectrum to connect standard mobile devices to a mobile operator’s network using residential DSL or cable broadband connections". Put simply, a femtocell is a small base station that can be deployed in homes, buildings or other locations that offer limited access to the mobile network. In current scenario Mobile services have gained a reputation for inadequate building penetration, resulting in inferior call quality. This quality issue becomes even more paramount as mobile subscribers begin using advanced services available in 3rd Generation (3G) networks, as nearly 70% of all 3G traffic originates from indoor locations. However, research shows that only two per cent of buildings are currently equipped with purpose-built indoor coverage solutions. With the growing demand for these new services, most industry observers see significant potential for the use of new technology in the form of "femtocell” solutions. Femtocells operate in the same wireless spectrum as the macrocell network, enabling high quality voice and multimedia services to be delivered to mobile devices in indoor settings[14]. A femtocell access point creates a small wireless coverage area, and it is attached to a subscriber's broadband Internet service for connection to the mobile operator. In this paper, Configuring the IMS framework in new approach of network architecture such as femtocell and designing the femtocell network to support IMS services is quite demanding. In this paper we concern on the investigation architecture of integration network and what are all the challenges, what are the problems and solution if that, when it works on environment. The deployment of IMS functionality in femtocell environment is investigated and overviewed to achieve high-quality voice, data, and video sessions to flow efficiently, securely and reliably using the consumer’s existing broadband connection. © Research India Publications.

Review on integration of IP multimedia subsystem with fem to cells network

VIT Unitversity

2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communications, Control and Computing Technologies

Layered storage architecture for health system using cloud

Energy consumption is a critical issue for battery-powered mobile devices in ad hoc networks. Ad hoc wireless networks are power constrained since nodes operate with limited battery energy. If the routing protocol is not power aware, nodes simply get drained out of energy not being able to send, receive or forward packets to the destinations, thus degrading the performance of the network and network lifetime. Thus, routing protocols should be designed along with features of power aware protocols. This paper presents 'Span' a power aware protocol which is exploited by the routing protocols to increase the lifetime of networks. © 2005 - 2013 JATIT &amp; LLS. All rights reserved.

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology

Increasing the lifetime of MANETs by power aware protocol - Span

Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system is a new wireless broadband technology which has gained great popularity for its capability of high rate transmission and its robustness against multi-path fading and other channel impairments. Irrespective of the techniques being employed in wireless communication System (such as OFDM, MIMO, or MIMO-OFDM techniques) to combat the effects of the channel on the transmitted signals, the availability of the channel state information (CSI) at the receiver end of the communication system remains a crucial factor for effective functioning of these techniques as well as for the successful recovery of the transmitted signal. The major challenge faced in MIMO-OFDM systems is how to obtain the channel state information accurately and promptly for coherent detection of information symbols In this paper, Least Squares (LS) channel estimation and Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences based channel estimation methods are implemented for 2x2 MIMO OFDM systems with Alamouti technique and their performance is compared. In order to improve the performance of the systems further, Adaptive Modulation concept is introduced. The simulation outcome shows that the performance of MIMO OFDM is much better than the conventional methods. © 2005 - 2013 JATIT &amp; LLS. All rights reserved.

Effective channel estimation technique with adaptive modulation For MIMO-OFDM system

Group Communication is increasing and influencing day to day life of modern people. The members in multicasting are dynamic which makes the security issues difficult. Key management and distribution is a challenging task with any of the group communication applications like TV over Internet, e-learning, video on demand etc., This paper describes an enhanced technique for secure group key distribution to the designated members. The features of proposed algorithm were that there is no need to balance the star topology. The unique secret number was selected randomly by individual member and given to the server. The burden of server was reduced and the unique number of leaving member was not added in secret computation by the server so the leaving member cannot decrypt the secret information send by the server. Proposed algorithm is simple and only one message is sent when a member leave or join either as single or bulk. It also reduces the computation and communication complexity compared with existing algorithms. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012.

European Journal of Scientific Research

An enhanced star topology based multicast key management algorithm

Problem statement: Secure group communication is very important for many applications such as internet pay sites. It provides efficient delivery of identical data to only the customers in the group. In large and dynamic multicast groups, the group keys of members have to be changed frequently whenever the member leaves or joins. A common method is to apply a symmetric key that is used to encrypt the transmitted data. The rekeying cost scales linearly with the number of members in the group and cost of the rekeying process is the main issue. The tree-based architecture is commonly used to reduce the rekeying cost in terms of storage, transmission and computation. But it usually gives extra overhead to balance the tree which is in order to achieve logarithmic rekeying cost. Approach: The main aim was to use star topology based architecture to avoid the balancing and eliminate the rekeying processes and more over it was more secured by exchanging the secret key between only server and each group member. The features of proposed algorithm were that the private key was computed by individual member. Results: The burden of server was reduced and also there was no rekeying when a member leaves the group. The secret value of leaving member was not added in the encryption and so the private value could not be obtained after decryption. Conclusion: Proposed algorithm is simple and no rekeying when a member leaves and also reduces the computation and communication complexity. © 2012 Science Publications.