Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is a private university located in&nbsp;Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1984, as Vellore Engineering College, the institution offers 20 undergraduate, 34 postgraduate, four integrated and four research programs. It has campuses in Vellore, Amravati, Bhopal and Chennai.

VIT is one of the top ranked private universities in India according to NIRF, THE and QS Rankings.&nbsp;Govt. of India has recognized&nbsp;VIT, Vellore as an&nbsp;Institution of Eminence. This has allowed VIT to take independent quality initiatives and move up in world ranking.

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VIT University

Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology

In medical Imaging, photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) has gained its importance due to its combined benefits of light-based imaging as well as ultrasound imaging. This work deals with developing a system using an LED (around 750 nm wavelength) as the light source. The PA signal obtained from the in vitro developed tissue phantom is detected by an ultrasound transducer, functioning at a frequency of 37 kHz. The LED utilized in the system produces a pulsated light having width of nanoseconds. This system can be employed to detect any generalized abnormalities found in the living tissue. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

World University root node

School of Electronics Engineering

Vellore Campus

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

Design of a Photoacoustic Imaging System

Cornea is the transparent surface in the human eye, consists of various sub-biological components, it consists of five (5) sophisticated layers, Epithelial layer is the peripheral layer and thickness of 50 µm, followed by stroma layer, bowman’s layer, Descemet layer, and endothelium layer. The stroma layer is a big layer thickness of around 500 µm. And the smallest layer is Descemet’s layer thickness of 12 µm. The endothelium layer is having a thickness around 50 µm and its very useful layer in the cornea which helps transfer the image to focal point on the retina, from retina image is transferred to the brain through the optic nerve, Optic nerve is protected by the optic disk help to process the vision through optical nerve to brain. Fuch’s Dystrophy (FD), Advanced Fuch’s Dystrophy, Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy (PPCD), Irido Corneal Dystrophy (ICD), are the major dystrophies encounter the corneal layers. To monitor the corneal layers ophthalmologists, depend on the Confocal Microscope (CM), Specular Microscope (SM). In this paper among five (05) layers of the cornea, the endothelium layer is considered. Specular endothelium dystrophic images are processed into Particle Filter (PF) algorithm. PF algorithm harvested statistical parameters like cell density, cell area, cell shape, and cell size which are helpful for accurate diagnosis of dystrophies for ophthalmologists.PF eliminates noise components in the image and estimates the strength of noise(SON), peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR), edge profile, no. of particles (endothelium cells) in an image and compared with existing Morphological methods (MO)methods. The processing time of the proposed algorithm is reduced to 85 ms. Total ‘13’ different specular endothelium images are processed. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Specular Corneal Endothelium Dystrophy’s Analysis Using Particle Filter

In vitro and in vivo testing is mandatory for the successful functioning of any medical device. Mock circulatory system (MCS) constitutes a major component in the in vitro testing of cardiovascular devices. This paper documents the initial success with the design and evaluation of a cost-effective mock circulatory system for the testing of cardiovascular implants. The MCS was constructed using electromechanical components to replicate the human cardiovascular system. The entire system was volume and time controlled, similar to the human heart. The working of the MCS was validated by simulating the hemodynamic parameters for a healthy and diseased heart. The MCS maintained pressure and volume cycling within the time frame for one cardiac cycle (0.8 s). Hence, the functioning of the MCS was a close replication of the natural heart and can be used to test the functionality and durability of cardiovascular implants such as heart valves. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

A Cost-Effective Mock Circulatory System for Initial Testing of Cardiovascular Devices

As the world is marching into the era of the Internet of things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence (AI), the most vital requirement for reliable hardware development is an ultrafast response time and no performance degradation. As a reliable indicator of human physiological health, blood pressure measurement is vital in humans' daily lives, which creates a huge demand in monitoring and diagnosing blood pressure problems. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is one of the best energy devices and healthcare applications in the new era since triboelectrification is a universal and ubiquitous effect with an abundant choice of materials. TENG is reliable in physiological monitoring applications and has many benefits, including being inexpensive, easy to manufacture, and lightweight, having self-powered properties, and being available in a wide range of materials. In this review, triboelectric nanogenerator based wrist pulse measurement was summarized for blood pressure monitoring and diagnosis applications. As per the Ayurveda, imbalance in three essential components of the wrist pulse implies the human health status and reveals symptoms for diseases. The design of different TENG-based blood pressure sensors, sensing mechanisms, performance, merits, and demerits of each method are discussed. © 2020 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

ACS Sensors

Comprehensive Review on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based Wrist Pulse Measurement: Sensor Fabrication and Diagnosis of Arterial Pressure

In this digital interconnected era, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) bridges the gap between communication and transportation engineering in a smarter way, thereby facilitating the trespassers and travellers with forecasting of traffic and broadcasting of traffic incidents, and infotainment data. Automatic prediction of congestion and traffic flow at one point is a challenging task. Although many machine learning algorithms exist for prediction, the selection of appropriate parameters of algorithms had a great impact on the accuracy of prediction. Hybrid combination of Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) with new emerging Bald Eagle Search (BES) Optimization algorithm has been proposed to optimize the parameters of Support Vector regression to predict the traffic flow. This hybrid SVR-GWO-BES, has been applied to real-time traffic data of the open-source Performance Measurement system dataset and Indian road traffic, which has been proven to be better than existing methodologies. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing

Hybrid Grey Wolf: Bald Eagle search optimized support vector regression for traffic flow forecasting

Malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium, infects the cells of the host and multiplies using their resources. One of the best ways to test malaria involves forming blood smears and examining the slides. Malarial cell count detection is a crucial process in classifying the extent of malarial infection. We have devised and tested an algorithm that automates the process of malarial cell count detection and classifies the images according to stage of malaria present. Images from various patients were obtained and tested. We used morphological operations to demarcate malaria infected cells, and hyper-parameter tuning was employed to optimize the algorithm for better accuracy. The proposed algorithm for malarial cell count detection is capable of automating the cell count process and produces accuracy levels greater than 90% in finding the correct count of parasite infected cells in the sample and greater than 90% accuracy in correctly classifying the stage of malaria. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Automation of Malarial Cell Count and Stage Classification Using Morphological Operations and Variable Optimization Using Hyper-Parameter Tuning

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder originating as a result of hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain, characterized by seizures. For the treatment of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy, surgical resection of epileptogenic zone is required. The source of epileptic hypersynchrony can be single or multiple. Success of the surgery depends upon the accuracy of identification of the epileptic focus and resection of it without inducing potential functional impairment. An inverse solution method to estimate the epileptic focus prior to performing the surgery is developed. The foci of epileptic discharge are localized using the low resolution EEG and MRI acquired from the patient. The MRI is taken by placing markers exactly at the EEG electrode positions, which are then digitized to obtain 3D coordinates. A patient specific surface head model was reconstructed from the MRI using expectation maximization algorithm. The location of the epileptic focus is mapped on the patient’s cortical surface model using weighted minimum norm estimates (WMNE). A pilot study to demonstrate the validity and usefulness of electric source imaging in neurosurgery is carried out. The focus of epileptic discharge was identified by inverse modeling. These results were found to be concordant with the clinical diagnosis and treatment, following which the subject was found to be seizure free. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Application of Electric Source Imaging for Analysis of Epileptic Seizures

A compressive sensing (CS) approach is proposed for the complex wave retrieval algorithm from single off-axis digital Fresnel holography to improve the accuracy of quantitative phase measurement. The linear model of non-linear holographic process used in the complex wave retrieval algorithm is utilized to meet the linearity requirement of the proposed CS implementation presented in this paper. The error in object wave reconstruction due to the approximations used in complex wave retrieval algorithm is compensated by combining it with CS approach. A Mach–Zehnder interferometric geometry in transmission and off-axis mode in the Fresnel domain is used to record the digital hologram. The numerical simulations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate and validate the proof of the concept and to compare CS frame work with conventional complex wave retrieval algorithm. The proposed algorithm is tested for the microlens sample characterization by considering the parameters such as height, diameter and radius of curvature. A Haar wavelet based object wave sparsification is used in the experiment for the prudent phase reconstruction in the CS approach. The proposed method enables an improved and accurate object phase reconstruction, with minimal noise such as distortions or speckles with respect to the conventional complex wave retrieval method. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Electronics

Chennai Campus

Fulltext

Optics Communications

Compressive complex wave retrieval from a single off-axis digital Fresnel hologram for quantitative phase imaging and microlens characterization

Creative cognition is recognized to involve the integration of multiple spontaneous cognitive processes and is manifested as complex networks within and between the distributed brain regions. We propose that the processing of creative cognition involves the static and dynamic re-configuration of brain networks associated with complex cognitive processes. We applied the sliding-window approach followed by a community detection algorithm and novel measures of network flexibility on the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of 8 major functional brain networks to reveal static and dynamic alterations in the network reconfiguration during creative cognition using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Our results demonstrate the temporal connectivity of the dynamic large-scale creative networks between default mode network (DMN), salience network, and cerebellar network during creative cognition, and advance our understanding of the network neuroscience of creative cognition. © 2021, The Author(s).

Scientific Reports

Static and dynamic functional connectivity supports the configuration of brain networks associated with creative cognition

Purpose: This paper aims to encompass the technological advancements in the area of flexible sensing electronics fabrication particularly for wearable device development applications. In the recent past, it is evident that there is a tremendous growth in the field of flexible electronics and sensors fabrication technologies all around the world. Even though, there is a significant amount of research has been carried in the past decade, but still there is a huge need for exploring novel materials for low temperature processing, optimized printing methods and customized printing devices with accurate feature control. Design/methodology/approach: The author has done an extensive literature survey in the proposed area and found that the researchers are showing significant interest in exploring novel materials, new conductive ink processing methods suitable for additive manufacturing, and fabrication technologies for developing the plastic substrate-based flexible electronics for the on growing demands of wearable devices in the market. Findings: The author has consolidated some of the recent advancements in the area of flexible sensing electronics using the inkjet-printing platform carried out by the researchers. The novel customized inkjet-printing technology, materials selections for device development, compatibility of the materials for the inkjet-printing process and the interesting results of the devices fabricated are highlighted in this paper. Originality/value: The author has reported the novel inkjet-printing platforms explored by researchers in the recent past for various applications which primarily includes gas sensing. The author has consolidated in a crisp manner about the technology, materials compatible for inkjet-printing, and the exciting results of the printed devices. The author has reported the advantages and challenges of the proposed methods by the researchers. This work will bridge the technical gap in the inkjet-printing technology and will be useful for the researchers to take forward the research work on this domain to the next level. © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited.